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The expression 'my word is my bond' is often used in everyday language to make a serious promise.

Why do you think this expression uses the metaphor of a bond rather than a share?

Risk-free government bonds that have coupon rates greater than their yields:

Which one of the below statements about effective rates and annualised percentage rates (APR's) is NOT correct?

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Bond investors:

For an asset price to double every 10 years, what must be the expected future capital return, given as an effective annual rate?

For an asset price to triple every 5 years, what must be the expected future capital return, given as an effective annual rate?

A firm wishes to raise $10 million now. They will issue 6% pa semi-annual coupon bonds that will mature in 3 years and have a face value of$100 each. Bond yields are 5% pa, given as an APR compounding every 6 months, and the yield curve is flat.

How many bonds should the firm issue?

A firm pays out all of its earnings as dividends. Because of this, the firm has no real growth in earnings, dividends or stock price since there is no re-investment back into the firm to buy new assets and make higher earnings. The dividend discount model is suitable to value this company.

The firm's revenues and costs are expected to increase by inflation in the foreseeable future. The firm has no debt. It operates in the services industry and has few physical assets so there is negligible depreciation expense and negligible net working capital required.

Which of the following statements about this firm's PE ratio is NOT correct? The PE ratio should:

Note: The inverse of x is 1/x.

An Apple iPhone 6 smart phone can be bought now for $999. An Android Kogan Agora 4G+ smart phone can be bought now for$240.

If the Kogan phone lasts for one year, approximately how long must the Apple phone last for to have the same equivalent annual cost?

Assume that both phones have equivalent features besides their lifetimes, that both are worthless once they've outlasted their life, the discount rate is 10% pa given as an effective annual rate, and there are no extra costs or benefits from either phone.

Question 549

An Apple iPhone 6 smart phone can be bought now for $999. An Android Samsung Galaxy 5 smart phone can be bought now for$599.

If the Samsung phone lasts for four years, approximately how long must the Apple phone last for to have the same equivalent annual cost?

Assume that both phones have equivalent features besides their lifetimes, that both are worthless once they've outlasted their life, the discount rate is 10% pa given as an effective annual rate, and there are no extra costs or benefits from either phone.

Many Australian home loans that are interest-only actually require payments to be made on a fully amortising basis after a number of years.

You decide to borrow $600,000 from the bank at an interest rate of 4.25% pa for 25 years. The payments will be interest-only for the first 10 years (t=0 to 10 years), then they will have to be paid on a fully amortising basis for the last 15 years (t=10 to 25 years). Assuming that interest rates will remain constant, what will be your monthly payments for the next 10 years from now, and then the next 15 years after that? The answer options are given in the same order. You just entered into a fully amortising home loan with a principal of$600,000, a variable interest rate of 4.25% pa and a term of 25 years.

Immediately after settling the loan, the variable interest rate suddenly falls to 4% pa! You can't believe your luck. Despite this, you plan to continue paying the same home loan payments as you did before. How long will it now take to pay off your home loan?

Assume that the lower interest rate was granted immediately and that rates were and are now again expected to remain constant. Round your answer up to the nearest whole month.

On his 20th birthday, a man makes a resolution. He will put $30 cash under his bed at the end of every month starting from today. His birthday today is the first day of the month. So the first addition to his cash stash will be in one month. He will write in his will that when he dies the cash under the bed should be given to charity. If the man lives for another 60 years, how much money will be under his bed if he dies just after making his last (720th) addition? Also, what will be the real value of that cash in today's prices if inflation is expected to 2.5% pa? Assume that the inflation rate is an effective annual rate and is not expected to change. The answers are given in the same order, the amount of money under his bed in 60 years, and the real value of that money in today's prices. Which of the following statements about standard statistical mathematics notation is NOT correct? Diversification in a portfolio of two assets works best when the correlation between their returns is: Stock A and B's returns have a correlation of 0.3. Which statement is NOT correct?  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation Dollars invested A 0.1 0.4 0.5 60 B 0.2 0.6 140 What is the expected return of the above portfolio?  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation $(\rho_{A,B})$ Dollars invested A 0.1 0.4 0.5 60 B 0.2 0.6 140 What is the standard deviation (not variance) of the above portfolio?  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Covariance $(\sigma_{A,B})$ Beta Dollars invested A 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.5 40 B 0.3 0.8 1.5 80 What is the standard deviation (not variance) of the above portfolio? Note that the stocks' covariance is given, not correlation. Two risky stocks A and B comprise an equal-weighted portfolio. The correlation between the stocks' returns is 70%. If the variance of stock A increases but the: • Prices and expected returns of each stock stays the same, • Variance of stock B's returns stays the same, • Correlation of returns between the stocks stays the same. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? All things remaining equal, the higher the correlation of returns between two stocks: Do you think that the following statement is or ? “Buying a single company stock usually provides a safer return than a stock mutual fund.” Which of the following statements about short-selling is NOT true? An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 6% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 5% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 10% pa. What portfolio weights should the investor have in stocks A and B respectively? An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 16% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 8% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 12% pa. What portfolio weights should the investor have in stocks A and B respectively? An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 12% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 10% pa and a standard deviation of 20% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 15% pa and a standard deviation of 30% pa. The correlation coefficient between stock A and B's expected returns is 70%. What will be the annual standard deviation of the portfolio with this 12% pa target return? What is the correlation of a variable X with itself? The corr(X, X) or $\rho_{X,X}$ equals: What is the covariance of a variable X with a constant C? The cov(X, C) or $\sigma_{X,C}$ equals: The covariance and correlation of two stocks X and Y's annual returns are calculated over a number of years. The units of the returns are in percent per annum $(\% pa)$. What are the units of the covariance $(\sigma_{X,Y})$ and correlation $(\rho_{X,Y})$ of returns respectively? Hint: Visit Wikipedia to understand the difference between percentage points $(\text{pp})$ and percent $(\%)$. Diversification is achieved by investing in a large amount of stocks. What type of risk is reduced by diversification? According to the theory of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), total variance can be broken into two components, systematic variance and idiosyncratic variance. Which of the following events would be considered the most diversifiable according to the theory of the CAPM? According to the theory of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), total risk can be broken into two components, systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. Which of the following events would be considered a systematic, undiversifiable event according to the theory of the CAPM? Treasury bonds currently have a return of 5% pa. A stock has a beta of 0.5 and the market return is 10% pa. What is the expected return of the stock? A fairly priced stock has an expected return equal to the market's. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. What is the stock's beta? A stock has a beta of 0.5. Its next dividend is expected to be$3, paid one year from now. Dividends are expected to be paid annually and grow by 2% pa forever. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. All returns are effective annual rates.

What is the price of the stock now?

Examine the following graph which shows stocks' betas $(\beta)$ and expected returns $(\mu)$:

Assume that the CAPM holds and that future expectations of stocks' returns and betas are correctly measured. Which statement is NOT correct?

The security market line (SML) shows the relationship between beta and expected return.

Investment projects that plot on the SML would have:

The security market line (SML) shows the relationship between beta and expected return.

Investment projects that plot above the SML would have:

 Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation Beta Dollars invested A 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.5 40 B 0.3 0.8 1.5 80

What is the beta of the above portfolio?

Stock A has a beta of 0.5 and stock B has a beta of 1. Which statement is NOT correct?

Which statement is the most correct?

A firm changes its capital structure by issuing a large amount of equity and using the funds to repay debt. Its assets are unchanged. Ignore interest tax shields.

According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which statement is correct?

The total return of any asset can be broken down in different ways. One possible way is to use the dividend discount model (or Gordon growth model):

$$p_0 = \frac{c_1}{r_\text{total}-r_\text{capital}}$$

Which, since $c_1/p_0$ is the income return ($r_\text{income}$), can be expressed as:

$$r_\text{total}=r_\text{income}+r_\text{capital}$$

So the total return of an asset is the income component plus the capital or price growth component.

Another way to break up total return is to use the Capital Asset Pricing Model:

$$r_\text{total}=r_\text{f}+β(r_\text{m}- r_\text{f})$$

$$r_\text{total}=r_\text{time value}+r_\text{risk premium}$$

So the risk free rate is the time value of money and the term $β(r_\text{m}- r_\text{f})$ is the compensation for taking on systematic risk.

Using the above theory and your general knowledge, which of the below equations, if any, are correct?

(I) $r_\text{income}=r_\text{time value}$

(II) $r_\text{income}=r_\text{risk premium}$

(III) $r_\text{capital}=r_\text{time value}$

(IV) $r_\text{capital}=r_\text{risk premium}$

(V) $r_\text{income}+r_\text{capital}=r_\text{time value}+r_\text{risk premium}$

Which of the equations are correct?

The CAPM can be used to find a business's expected opportunity cost of capital:

$$r_i=r_f+β_i (r_m-r_f)$$

What should be used as the risk free rate $r_f$?

A firm's WACC before tax would decrease due to:

Your friend claims that by reading 'The Economist' magazine's economic news articles, she can identify shares that will have positive abnormal expected returns over the next 2 years. Assuming that her claim is true, which statement(s) are correct?

(i) Weak form market efficiency is broken.

(ii) Semi-strong form market efficiency is broken.

(iii) Strong form market efficiency is broken.

(iv) The asset pricing model used to measure the abnormal returns (such as the CAPM) is either wrong (mis-specification error) or is measured using the wrong inputs (data errors) so the returns may not be abnormal but rather fair for the level of risk.

Select the most correct response:

Fundamentalists who analyse company financial reports and news announcements (but who don't have inside information) will make positive abnormal returns if:

The theory of fixed interest bond pricing is an application of the theory of Net Present Value (NPV). Also, a 'fairly priced' asset is not over- or under-priced. Buying or selling a fairly priced asset has an NPV of zero.

Considering this, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

The theory of fixed interest bond pricing is an application of the theory of Net Present Value (NPV). Also, a 'fairly priced' asset is not over- or under-priced. Buying or selling a fairly priced asset has an NPV of zero.

Considering this, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A man inherits $500,000 worth of shares. He believes that by learning the secrets of trading, keeping up with the financial news and doing complex trend analysis with charts that he can quit his job and become a self-employed day trader in the equities markets. What is the expected gain from doing this over the first year? Measure the net gain in wealth received at the end of this first year due to the decision to become a day trader. Assume the following: • He earns$60,000 pa in his current job, paid in a lump sum at the end of each year.
• He enjoys examining share price graphs and day trading just as much as he enjoys his current job.
• Stock markets are weak form and semi-strong form efficient.
• He has no inside information.
• He makes 1 trade every day and there are 250 trading days in the year. Trading costs are $20 per trade. His broker invoices him for the trading costs at the end of the year. • The shares that he currently owns and the shares that he intends to trade have the same level of systematic risk as the market portfolio. • The market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. Measure the net gain over the first year as an expected wealth increase at the end of the year. A residential real estate investor believes that house prices will grow at a rate of 5% pa and that rents will grow by 2% pa forever. All rates are given as nominal effective annual returns. Assume that: • His forecast is true. • Real estate is and always will be fairly priced and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is true. • Ignore all costs such as taxes, agent fees, maintenance and so on. • All rental income cash flow is paid out to the owner, so there is no re-investment and therefore no additions or improvements made to the property. • The non-monetary benefits of owning real estate and renting remain constant. Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? Over time: The average weekly earnings of an Australian adult worker before tax was$1,542.40 per week in November 2014 according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Therefore average annual earnings before tax were $80,204.80 assuming 52 weeks per year. Personal income tax rates published by the Australian Tax Office are reproduced for the 2014-2015 financial year in the table below: Taxable income Tax on this income 0 –$18,200 Nil
$18,201 –$37,000 19c for each $1 over$18,200
$37,001 –$80,000 $3,572 plus 32.5c for each$1 over $37,000$80,001 – $180,000$17,547 plus 37c for each $1 over$80,000
$180,001 and over$54,547 plus 45c for each $1 over$180,000

The above rates do not include the Medicare levy of 2%. Exclude the Medicare levy from your calculations

How much personal income tax would you have to pay per year if you earned $80,204.80 per annum before-tax? Question 449 personal tax on dividends, classical tax system A small private company has a single shareholder. This year the firm earned a$100 profit before tax. All of the firm's after tax profits will be paid out as dividends to the owner.

The corporate tax rate is 30% and the sole shareholder's personal marginal tax rate is 45%.

The United States' classical tax system applies because the company generates all of its income in the US and pays corporate tax to the Internal Revenue Service. The shareholder is also an American for tax purposes.

What will be the personal tax payable by the shareholder and the corporate tax payable by the company?

A company announces that it will pay a dividend, as the market expected. The company's shares trade on the stock exchange which is open from 10am in the morning to 4pm in the afternoon each weekday. When would the share price be expected to fall by the amount of the dividend? Ignore taxes.

The share price is expected to fall during the:

A mining firm has just discovered a new mine. So far the news has been kept a secret.

The net present value of digging the mine and selling the minerals is $250 million, but$500 million of new equity and $300 million of new bonds will need to be issued to fund the project and buy the necessary plant and equipment. The firm will release the news of the discovery and equity and bond raising to shareholders simultaneously in the same announcement. The shares and bonds will be issued shortly after. Once the announcement is made and the new shares and bonds are issued, what is the expected increase in the value of the firm's assets $(\Delta V)$, market capitalisation of debt $(\Delta D)$ and market cap of equity $(\Delta E)$? Assume that markets are semi-strong form efficient. The triangle symbol $\Delta$ is the Greek letter capital delta which means change or increase in mathematics. Ignore the benefit of interest tax shields from having more debt. Remember: $\Delta V = \Delta D+ \Delta E$ Question 513 stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, bonus issue, rights issue Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A company conducts a 4 for 3 stock split. What is the percentage change in the stock price and the number of shares outstanding? The answers are given in the same order. A company conducts a 1 for 5 rights issue at a subscription price of$7 when the pre-announcement stock price was $10. What is the percentage change in the stock price and the number of shares outstanding? The answers are given in the same order. Ignore all taxes, transaction costs and signalling effects. In late 2003 the listed bank ANZ announced a 2-for-11 rights issue to fund the takeover of New Zealand bank NBNZ. Below is the chronology of events: • 23/10/2003. Share price closes at$18.30.

• 24/10/2003. 2-for-11 rights issue announced at a subscription price of $13. The proceeds of the rights issue will be used to acquire New Zealand bank NBNZ. Trading halt announced in morning before market opens. • 28/10/2003. Trading halt lifted. Last (and only) day that shares trade cum-rights. Share price opens at$18.00 and closes at $18.14. • 29/10/2003. Shares trade ex-rights. All things remaining equal, what would you expect ANZ's stock price to open at on the first day that it trades ex-rights (29/10/2003)? Ignore the time value of money since time is negligibly short. Also ignore taxes. Is it possible for all countries' exchange rates to appreciate by 5% in the same year? or ? When someone says that they're "buying American dollars" (USD), what type of asset are they probably buying? They're probably buying: An American wishes to convert USD 1 million to Australian dollars (AUD). The exchange rate is 0.8 USD per AUD. How much is the USD 1 million worth in AUD? If the current AUD exchange rate is USD 0.9686 = AUD 1, what is the European terms quote of the AUD against the USD? If the AUD appreciates against the USD, the European terms quote of the AUD will or ? If the USD appreciates against the AUD, the European terms quote of the AUD will or ? How is the AUD normally quoted in Australia? Using or terms? Investors expect the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to keep the policy rate steady at their next meeting. Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will increase the policy rate by 25 basis points due to fears that the economy is growing too fast and that inflation will be above their target rate of 2 to 3 per cent. What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar is likely to: Investors expect the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to decrease the overnight cash rate at their next meeting. Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will keep the policy rate unchanged. What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar is likely to: The market expects the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to increase the policy rate by 25 basis points at their next meeting. Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will increase the policy rate by 50 basis points due to high future GDP and inflation forecasts. What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar will: The market expects the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to increase the policy rate by 25 basis points at their next meeting. As expected, the RBA increases the policy rate by 25 basis points. What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar will: In the 1997 Asian financial crisis many countries' exchange rates depreciated rapidly against the US dollar (USD). The Thai, Indonesian, Malaysian, Korean and Filipino currencies were severely affected. The below graph shows these Asian countries' currencies in USD per one unit of their currency, indexed to 100 in June 1997. Of the statements below, which is NOT correct? The Asian countries': The saying "buy low, sell high" suggests that investors should make a: Which of the following is NOT a synonym of 'required return'? Total cash flows can be broken into income and capital cash flows. What is the name given to the income cash flow from owning shares? Which of the following equations is NOT equal to the total return of an asset? Let $p_0$ be the current price, $p_1$ the expected price in one year and $c_1$ the expected income in one year. An asset's total expected return over the next year is given by: $$r_\text{total} = \dfrac{c_1+p_1-p_0}{p_0}$$ Where $p_0$ is the current price, $c_1$ is the expected income in one year and $p_1$ is the expected price in one year. The total return can be split into the income return and the capital return. Which of the following is the expected capital return? A stock was bought for$8 and paid a dividend of $0.50 one year later (at t=1 year). Just after the dividend was paid, the stock price was$7 (at t=1 year).

What were the total, capital and dividend returns given as effective annual rates? The choices are given in the same order:

$r_\text{total}$, $r_\text{capital}$, $r_\text{dividend}$.

A share was bought for $30 (at t=0) and paid its annual dividend of$6 one year later (at t=1).

Just after the dividend was paid, the share price fell to $27 (at t=1). What were the total, capital and income returns given as effective annual rates? The choices are given in the same order: $r_\text{total}$ , $r_\text{capital}$ , $r_\text{dividend}$. A fixed coupon bond was bought for$90 and paid its annual coupon of $3 one year later (at t=1 year). Just after the coupon was paid, the bond price was$92 (at t=1 year). What was the total return, capital return and income return? Calculate your answers as effective annual rates.

The choices are given in the same order: $r_\text{total},r_\text{capital},r_\text{income}$.

One and a half years ago Frank bought a house for $600,000. Now it's worth only$500,000, based on recent similar sales in the area.

The expected total return on Frank's residential property is 7% pa.

He rents his house out for $1,600 per month, paid in advance. Every 12 months he plans to increase the rental payments. The present value of 12 months of rental payments is$18,617.27.

The future value of 12 months of rental payments one year in the future is $19,920.48. What is the expected annual rental yield of the property? Ignore the costs of renting such as maintenance, real estate agent fees and so on. Imagine that the interest rate on your savings account was 1% per year and inflation was 2% per year. After one year, would you be able to buy , exactly the as or than today with the money in this account? When valuing assets using discounted cash flow (net present value) methods, it is important to consider inflation. To properly deal with inflation: (I) Discount nominal cash flows by nominal discount rates. (II) Discount nominal cash flows by real discount rates. (III) Discount real cash flows by nominal discount rates. (IV) Discount real cash flows by real discount rates. Which of the above statements is or are correct? In the 'Austin Powers' series of movies, the character Dr. Evil threatens to destroy the world unless the United Nations pays him a ransom (video 1, video 2). Dr. Evil makes the threat on two separate occasions: • In 1969 he demands a ransom of$1 million (=10^6), and again;
• In 1997 he demands a ransom of $100 billion (=10^11). If Dr. Evil's demands are equivalent in real terms, in other words$1 million will buy the same basket of goods in 1969 as $100 billion would in 1997, what was the implied inflation rate over the 28 years from 1969 to 1997? The answer choices below are given as effective annual rates: Suppose you had$100 in a savings account and the interest rate was 2% per year.

After 5 years, how much do you think you would have in the account if you left the money to grow?

than $102,$102 or than $102? A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 8% pa and nominal capital return of 3% pa. Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates. What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order. A stock has a real expected total return of 7% pa and a real expected capital return of 2% pa. Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates. What is the nominal expected total return, capital return and dividend yield? The answers below are given in the same order. You are a banker about to grant a 2 year loan to a customer. The loan's principal and interest will be repaid in a single payment at maturity, sometimes called a zero-coupon loan, discount loan or bullet loan. You require a real return of 6% pa over the two years, given as an effective annual rate. Inflation is expected to be 2% this year and 4% next year, both given as effective annual rates. You judge that the customer can afford to pay back$1,000,000 in 2 years, given as a nominal cash flow. How much should you lend to her right now?

You're considering making an investment in a particular company. They have preference shares, ordinary shares, senior debt and junior debt.

Which is the safest investment? Which will give the highest returns?

A newly floated farming company is financed with senior bonds, junior bonds, cumulative non-voting preferred stock and common stock. The new company has no retained profits and due to floods it was unable to record any revenues this year, leading to a loss. The firm is not bankrupt yet since it still has substantial contributed equity (same as paid-up capital).

On which securities must it pay interest or dividend payments in this terrible financial year?

Which business structure or structures have the advantage of limited liability for equity investors?

What is the lowest and highest expected share price and expected return from owning shares in a company over a finite period of time?

Let the current share price be $p_0$, the expected future share price be $p_1$, the expected future dividend be $d_1$ and the expected return be $r$. Define the expected return as:

$r=\dfrac{p_1-p_0+d_1}{p_0}$

The answer choices are stated using inequalities. As an example, the first answer choice "(a) $0≤p<∞$ and $0≤r< 1$", states that the share price must be larger than or equal to zero and less than positive infinity, and that the return must be larger than or equal to zero and less than one.

Which of the following statements about book and market equity is NOT correct?

One year ago a pharmaceutical firm floated by selling its 1 million shares for $100 each. Its book and market values of equity were both$100m. Its debt totalled $50m. The required return on the firm's assets was 15%, equity 20% and debt 5% pa. In the year since then, the firm: • Earned net income of$29m.
• Paid dividends totaling $10m. • Discovered a valuable new drug that will lead to a massive 1,000 times increase in the firm's net income in 10 years after the research is commercialised. News of the discovery was publicly announced. The firm's systematic risk remains unchanged. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? All statements are about current figures, not figures one year ago. Hint: Book return on assets (ROA) and book return on equity (ROE) are ratios that accountants like to use to measure a business's past performance. $$\text{ROA}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of assets}}$$ $$\text{ROE}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of equity}}$$ The required return on assets $r_V$ is a return that financiers like to use to estimate a business's future required performance which compensates them for the firm's assets' risks. If the business were to achieve realised historical returns equal to its required returns, then investment into the business's assets would have been a zero-NPV decision, which is neither good nor bad but fair. $$r_\text{V, 0 to 1}= \dfrac{\text{Cash flow from assets}_\text{1}}{\text{Market value of assets}_\text{0}} = \dfrac{CFFA_\text{1}}{V_\text{0}}$$ Similarly for equity and debt. The below screenshot of Commonwealth Bank of Australia's (CBA) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 7 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was CBA's market capitalisation of equity? The below screenshot of Microsoft's (MSFT) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 28 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was MSFT's market capitalisation of equity? The investment decision primarily affects which part of a business? The working capital decision primarily affects which part of a business? The financing decision primarily affects which part of a business? Payout policy is most closely related to which part of a business? Business people make lots of important decisions. Which of the following is the most important long term decision? Katya offers to pay you$10 at the end of every year for the next 5 years (t=1,2,3,4,5) if you pay her $50 now (t=0). You can borrow and lend from the bank at an interest rate of 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. Ignore credit risk. Will you or Katya's deal? Your friend overheard that you need some cash and asks if you would like to borrow some money. She can lend you$5,000 now (t=0), and in return she wants you to pay her back $1,000 in two years (t=2) and every year after that for the next 5 years, so there will be 6 payments of$1,000 from t=2 to t=7 inclusive.

What is the net present value (NPV) of borrowing from your friend?

Assume that banks loan funds at interest rates of 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

Some countries' interest rates are so low that they're zero.

If interest rates are 0% pa and are expected to stay at that level for the foreseeable future, what is the most that you would be prepared to pay a bank now if it offered to pay you $10 at the end of every year for the next 5 years? In other words, what is the present value of five$10 payments at time 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 if interest rates are 0% pa?

The following equation is called the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Gordon Growth Model or the perpetuity with growth formula: $$P_0 = \frac{ C_1 }{ r - g }$$

What is $g$? The value $g$ is the long term expected:

The first payment of a constant perpetual annual cash flow is received at time 5. Let this cash flow be $C_5$ and the required return be $r$.

So there will be equal annual cash flows at time 5, 6, 7 and so on forever, and all of the cash flows will be equal so $C_5 = C_6 = C_7 = ...$

When the perpetuity formula is used to value this stream of cash flows, it will give a value (V) at time:

The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation.

$$P_{0} = \frac{C_1}{r_{\text{eff}} - g_{\text{eff}}}$$

What would you call the expression $C_1/P_0$?

Two years ago Fred bought a house for $300,000. Now it's worth$500,000, based on recent similar sales in the area.

Fred's residential property has an expected total return of 8% pa.

He rents his house out for $2,000 per month, paid in advance. Every 12 months he plans to increase the rental payments. The present value of 12 months of rental payments is$23,173.86.

The future value of 12 months of rental payments one year ahead is $25,027.77. What is the expected annual growth rate of the rental payments? In other words, by what percentage increase will Fred have to raise the monthly rent by each year to sustain the expected annual total return of 8%? A share just paid its semi-annual dividend of$10. The dividend is expected to grow at 2% every 6 months forever. This 2% growth rate is an effective 6 month rate. Therefore the next dividend will be $10.20 in six months. The required return of the stock 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. What is the price of the share now? A stock is expected to pay the following dividends:  Cash Flows of a Stock Time (yrs) 0 1 2 3 4 ... Dividend ($) 0.00 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 ...

After year 4, the annual dividend will grow in perpetuity at 5% pa, so;

• the dividend at t=5 will be $1.15(1+0.05), • the dividend at t=6 will be$1.15(1+0.05)^2, and so on.

The required return on the stock is 10% pa. Both the growth rate and required return are given as effective annual rates. What is the current price of the stock?

The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation.

$$p_0=\frac{d_1}{r_\text{eff}-g_\text{eff}}$$

Which expression is NOT equal to the expected capital return?

A stock pays semi-annual dividends. It just paid a dividend of $10. The growth rate in the dividend is 1% every 6 months, given as an effective 6 month rate. You estimate that the stock's required return is 21% pa, as an effective annual rate. Using the dividend discount model, what will be the share price? You own an apartment which you rent out as an investment property. What is the price of the apartment using discounted cash flow (DCF, same as NPV) valuation? Assume that: • You just signed a contract to rent the apartment out to a tenant for the next 12 months at$2,000 per month, payable in advance (at the start of the month, t=0). The tenant is just about to pay you the first $2,000 payment. • The contract states that monthly rental payments are fixed for 12 months. After the contract ends, you plan to sign another contract but with rental payment increases of 3%. You intend to do this every year. So rental payments will increase at the start of the 13th month (t=12) to be$2,060 (=2,000(1+0.03)), and then they will be constant for the next 12 months.
Rental payments will increase again at the start of the 25th month (t=24) to be $2,121.80 (=2,000(1+0.03)2), and then they will be constant for the next 12 months until the next year, and so on. • The required return of the apartment is 8.732% pa, given as an effective annual rate. • Ignore all taxes, maintenance, real estate agent, council and strata fees, periods of vacancy and other costs. Assume that the apartment will last forever and so will the rental payments. The boss of WorkingForTheManCorp has a wicked (and unethical) idea. He plans to pay his poor workers one week late so that he can get more interest on his cash in the bank. Every week he is supposed to pay his 1,000 employees$1,000 each. So $1 million is paid to employees every week. The boss was just about to pay his employees today, until he thought of this idea so he will actually pay them one week (7 days) later for the work they did last week and every week in the future, forever. Bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as a real effective annual rate. So $r_\text{eff annual, real} = 0.1$ and the real effective weekly rate is therefore $r_\text{eff weekly, real} = (1+0.1)^{1/52}-1 = 0.001834569$ All rates and cash flows are real, the inflation rate is 3% pa and there are 52 weeks per year. The boss will always pay wages one week late. The business will operate forever with constant real wages and the same number of employees. What is the net present value (NPV) of the boss's decision to pay later? What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project detailed in the table below? Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. All answers are given as effective annual rates.  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 0 2 121

Your neighbour asks you for a loan of $100 and offers to pay you back$120 in one year.

You don't actually have any money right now, but you can borrow and lend from the bank at a rate of 10% pa. Rates are given as effective annual rates.

Assume that your neighbour will definitely pay you back. Ignore interest tax shields and transaction costs.

The Net Present Value (NPV) of lending to your neighbour is $9.09. Describe what you would do to actually receive a$9.09 cash flow right now with zero net cash flows in the future.

You have $100,000 in the bank. The bank pays interest at 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. You wish to consume an equal amount now (t=0), in one year (t=1) and in two years (t=2), and still have$50,000 in the bank after that (t=2).

How much can you consume at each time?

The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate.

What is the payback period of the project in years?

Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are received smoothly over the year. So the $121 at time 2 is actually earned smoothly from t=1 to t=2.  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 11 2 121

A project to build a toll road will take 3 years to complete, costing three payments of $50 million, paid at the start of each year (at times 0, 1, and 2). After completion, the toll road will yield a constant$10 million at the end of each year forever with no costs. So the first payment will be at t=4.

The required return of the project is 10% pa given as an effective nominal rate. All cash flows are nominal.

What is the payback period?

A project has the following cash flows:

 Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -400 1 200 2 250 What is the Profitability Index (PI) of the project? Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. The required return is 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. Estimate the Chinese bank ICBC's share price using a backward-looking price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only. Note that the renminbi (RMB) is the Chinese currency, also known as the yuan (CNY). • The 4 major Chinese banks ICBC, China Construction Bank (CCB), Bank of China (BOC) and Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) are comparable companies; • ICBC 's historical earnings per share (EPS) is RMB 0.74; • CCB's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.59; • BOC 's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.78; • ABC's backward-looking PE ratio is also 4.78; Note: Figures sourced from Google Finance on 25 March 2014. Share prices are from the Shanghai stock exchange. Which of the following investable assets are NOT suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques? An 'interest payment' is the same thing as a 'coupon payment'. or ? An 'interest rate' is the same thing as a 'yield'. or ? An 'interest only' loan can also be called a: Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Lenders: Which of the following statements about effective rates and annualised percentage rates (APR's) is NOT correct? A European bond paying annual coupons of 6% offers a yield of 10% pa. Convert the yield into an effective monthly rate, an effective annual rate and an effective daily rate. Assume that there are 365 days in a year. All answers are given in the same order: $$r_\text{eff, monthly} , r_\text{eff, yearly} , r_\text{eff, daily}$$ In Australia, nominal yields on semi-annual coupon paying Government Bonds with 2 years until maturity are currently 2.83% pa. The inflation rate is currently 2.2% pa, given as an APR compounding per quarter. The inflation rate is not expected to change over the next 2 years. What is the real yield on these bonds, given as an APR compounding every 6 months? A bank grants a borrower an interest-only residential mortgage loan with a very large 50% deposit and a nominal interest rate of 6% that is not expected to change. Assume that inflation is expected to be a constant 2% pa over the life of the loan. Ignore credit risk. From the bank's point of view, what is the long term expected nominal capital return of the loan asset? You want to buy an apartment priced at$300,000. You have saved a deposit of $30,000. The bank has agreed to lend you the$270,000 as an interest only loan with a term of 25 years. The interest rate is 12% pa and is not expected to change.

What will be your monthly payments? Remember that mortgage payments are paid in arrears (at the end of the month).

Calculate the price of a newly issued ten year bond with a face value of $100, a yield of 8% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 6% pa, paid semi-annually. So there are two coupons per year, paid in arrears every six months. Bonds A and B are issued by the same company. They have the same face value, maturity, seniority and coupon payment frequency. The only difference is that bond A has a 5% coupon rate, while bond B has a 10% coupon rate. The yield curve is flat, which means that yields are expected to stay the same. Which bond would have the higher current price? Bonds A and B are issued by the same Australian company. Both bonds yield 7% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency.

The only difference is that bond A pays coupons of 10% pa and bond B pays coupons of 5% pa. Which of the following statements is true about the bonds' prices?

Bonds X and Y are issued by the same company. Both bonds yield 10% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency. The only difference is that bond X pays coupons of 6% pa and bond Y pays coupons of 8% pa. Which of the following statements is true? A 10 year Australian government bond was just issued at par with a yield of 3.9% pa. The fixed coupon payments are semi-annual. The bond has a face value of$1,000.

Six months later, just after the first coupon is paid, the yield of the bond decreases to 3.65% pa. What is the bond's new price?

When using the dividend discount model, care must be taken to avoid using a nominal dividend growth rate that exceeds the country's nominal GDP growth rate. Otherwise the firm is forecast to take over the country since it grows faster than the average business forever.

Suppose a firm's nominal dividend grows at 10% pa forever, and nominal GDP growth is 5% pa forever. The firm's total dividends are currently $1 billion (t=0). The country's GDP is currently$1,000 billion (t=0).

In approximately how many years will the company's total dividends be as large as the country's GDP?

You own some nice shoes which you use once per week on date nights. You bought them 2 years ago for $500. In your experience, shoes used once per week last for 6 years. So you expect yours to last for another 4 years. Your younger sister said that she wants to borrow your shoes once per week. With the increased use, your shoes will only last for another 2 years rather than 4. What is the present value of the cost of letting your sister use your current shoes for the next 2 years? Assume: that bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate; you will buy a new pair of shoes when your current pair wears out and your sister will not use the new ones; your sister will only use your current shoes so she will only use it for the next 2 years; and the price of new shoes never changes. You just bought a nice dress which you plan to wear once per month on nights out. You bought it a moment ago for$600 (at t=0). In your experience, dresses used once per month last for 6 years.

Your younger sister is a student with no money and wants to borrow your dress once a month when she hits the town. With the increased use, your dress will only last for another 3 years rather than 6.

What is the present value of the cost of letting your sister use your current dress for the next 3 years?

Assume: that bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate; you will buy a new dress when your current one wears out; your sister will only use the current dress, not the next one that you will buy; and the price of a new dress never changes.

A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university or not.

The young lady's parents say that she must attend university because otherwise all of her hard work studying and attending school during her childhood was a waste.

What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to decide whether to attend university?

The hard work studying at school in her childhood should be classified as:

A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university. Her friends say that she should go to university because she is more likely to meet a clever young man than if she begins full time work straight away.

What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to find the Net Present Value of going to university rather than working?

The opportunity to meet a desirable future spouse should be classified as:

A man is thinking about taking a day off from his casual painting job to relax.

He just woke up early in the morning and he's about to call his boss to say that he won't be coming in to work.

But he's thinking about the hours that he could work today (in the future) which are:

A man has taken a day off from his casual painting job to relax.

It's the end of the day and he's thinking about the hours that he could have spent working (in the past) which are now:

Find Candys Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.

 Candys Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013 $m Sales 200 COGS 50 Operating expense 10 Depreciation 20 Interest expense 10 Income before tax 110 Tax at 30% 33 Net income 77  Candys Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012$m $m Assets Current assets 220 180 PPE Cost 300 340 Accumul. depr. 60 40 Carrying amount 240 300 Total assets 460 480 Liabilities Current liabilities 175 190 Non-current liabilities 135 130 Owners' equity Retained earnings 50 60 Contributed equity 100 100 Total L and OE 460 480 Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

Why is Capital Expenditure (CapEx) subtracted in the Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) formula?

$$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \Delta NWC+IntExp$$

Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) can be defined as:

A firm has forecast its Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) for this year and management is worried that it is too low. Which one of the following actions will lead to a higher CFFA for this year (t=0 to 1)? Only consider cash flows this year. Do not consider cash flows after one year, or the change in the NPV of the firm. Consider each action in isolation.

A company increases the proportion of debt funding it uses to finance its assets by issuing bonds and using the cash to repurchase stock, leaving assets unchanged.

Ignoring the costs of financial distress, which of the following statements is NOT correct:

Which one of the following will decrease net income (NI) but increase cash flow from assets (CFFA) in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant?

Remember:

$$NI = (Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \Delta NWC+IntExp$$

Find Sidebar Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.

 Sidebar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013 $m Sales 405 COGS 100 Depreciation 34 Rent expense 22 Interest expense 39 Taxable Income 210 Taxes at 30% 63 Net income 147  Sidebar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012$m $m Inventory 70 50 Trade debtors 11 16 Rent paid in advance 4 3 PPE 700 680 Total assets 785 749 Trade creditors 11 19 Bond liabilities 400 390 Contributed equity 220 220 Retained profits 154 120 Total L and OE 785 749 Note: All figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

The cash flow from assets was:

Find Ching-A-Lings Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.

 Ching-A-Lings Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013 $m Sales 100 COGS 20 Depreciation 20 Rent expense 11 Interest expense 19 Taxable Income 30 Taxes at 30% 9 Net income 21  Ching-A-Lings Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012$m $m Inventory 49 38 Trade debtors 14 2 Rent paid in advance 5 5 PPE 400 400 Total assets 468 445 Trade creditors 4 10 Bond liabilities 200 190 Contributed equity 145 145 Retained profits 119 100 Total L and OE 468 445 Note: All figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

The cash flow from assets was:

Read the following financial statements and calculate the firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year.

 UBar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2014 $m Sales 293 COGS 200 Rent expense 15 Gas expense 8 Depreciation 10 EBIT 60 Interest expense 0 Taxable income 60 Taxes 18 Net income 42  UBar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2014 2013$m $m Assets Cash 30 29 Accounts receivable 5 7 Pre-paid rent expense 1 0 Inventory 50 46 PPE 290 300 Total assets 376 382 Liabilities Trade payables 20 18 Accrued gas expense 3 2 Non-current liabilities 0 0 Contributed equity 212 212 Retained profits 136 150 Asset revaluation reserve 5 0 Total L and OE 376 382 Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

The firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year was:

Find the cash flow from assets (CFFA) of the following project.

 Project Data Project life 2 years Initial investment in equipment $6m Depreciation of equipment per year for tax purposes$1m Unit sales per year 4m Sale price per unit $8 Variable cost per unit$3 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year $1.5m Tax rate 30% Note 1: The equipment will have a book value of$4m at the end of the project for tax purposes. However, the equipment is expected to fetch $0.9 million when it is sold at t=2. Note 2: Due to the project, the firm will have to purchase$0.8m of inventory initially, which it will sell at t=1. The firm will buy another $0.8m at t=1 and sell it all again at t=2 with zero inventory left. The project will have no effect on the firm's current liabilities. Find the project's CFFA at time zero, one and two. Answers are given in millions of dollars ($m).

Issuing debt doesn't give away control of the firm because debt holders can't cast votes to determine the company's affairs, such as at the annual general meeting (AGM), and can't appoint directors to the board. or ?

Companies must pay interest and principal payments to debt-holders. They're compulsory. But companies are not forced to pay dividends to share holders. or ?

Your friend just bought a house for $400,000. He financed it using a$320,000 mortgage loan and a deposit of $80,000. In the context of residential housing and mortgages, the 'equity' tied up in the value of a person's house is the value of the house less the value of the mortgage. So the initial equity your friend has in his house is$80,000. Let this amount be E, let the value of the mortgage be D and the value of the house be V. So $V=D+E$.

If house prices suddenly fall by 10%, what would be your friend's percentage change in equity (E)? Assume that the value of the mortgage is unchanged and that no income (rent) was received from the house during the short time over which house prices fell.

Remember:

$$r_{0\rightarrow1}=\frac{p_1-p_0+c_1}{p_0}$$

where $r_{0-1}$ is the return (percentage change) of an asset with price $p_0$ initially, $p_1$ one period later, and paying a cash flow of $c_1$ at time $t=1$.

Your friend just bought a house for $1,000,000. He financed it using a$900,000 mortgage loan and a deposit of $100,000. In the context of residential housing and mortgages, the 'equity' or 'net wealth' tied up in a house is the value of the house less the value of the mortgage loan. Assuming that your friend's only asset is his house, his net wealth is$100,000.

If house prices suddenly fall by 15%, what would be your friend's percentage change in net wealth?

Assume that:

• No income (rent) was received from the house during the short time over which house prices fell.
• Your friend will not declare bankruptcy, he will always pay off his debts.

One year ago you bought $100,000 of shares partly funded using a margin loan. The margin loan size was$70,000 and the other $30,000 was your own wealth or 'equity' in the share assets. The interest rate on the margin loan was 7.84% pa. Over the year, the shares produced a dividend yield of 4% pa and a capital gain of 5% pa. What was the total return on your wealth? Ignore taxes, assume that all cash flows (interest payments and dividends) were paid and received at the end of the year, and all rates above are effective annual rates. Hint: Remember that wealth in this context is your equity (E) in the house asset (V = D+E) which is funded by the loan (D) and your deposit or equity (E). Here are the Net Income (NI) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) equations: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ What is the formula for calculating annual interest expense (IntExp) which is used in the equations above? Select one of the following answers. Note that D is the value of debt which is constant through time, and $r_D$ is the cost of debt. Which one of the following will increase the Cash Flow From Assets in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Which one of the following will decrease net income (NI) but increase cash flow from assets (CFFA) in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Remember: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - ΔNWC+IntExp$$ A manufacturing company is considering a new project in the more risky services industry. The cash flows from assets (CFFA) are estimated for the new project, with interest expense excluded from the calculations. To get the levered value of the project, what should these unlevered cash flows be discounted by? Assume that the manufacturing firm has a target debt-to-assets ratio that it sticks to. The US firm Google operates in the online advertising business. In 2011 Google bought Motorola Mobility which manufactures mobile phones. Assume the following: • Google had a 10% after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) before it bought Motorola. • Motorola had a 20% after-tax WACC before it merged with Google. • Google and Motorola have the same level of gearing. • Both companies operate in a classical tax system. You are a manager at Motorola. You must value a project for making mobile phones. Which method(s) will give the correct valuation of the mobile phone manufacturing project? Select the most correct answer. The mobile phone manufacturing project's: Value the following business project to manufacture a new product.  Project Data Project life 2 yrs Initial investment in equipment$6m Depreciation of equipment per year $3m Expected sale price of equipment at end of project$0.6m Unit sales per year 4m Sale price per unit $8 Variable cost per unit$5 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year $1m Interest expense per year 0 Tax rate 30% Weighted average cost of capital after tax per annum 10% Notes 1. The firm's current assets and current liabilities are$3m and $2m respectively right now. This net working capital will not be used in this project, it will be used in other unrelated projects. Due to the project, current assets (mostly inventory) will grow by$2m initially (at t = 0), and then by $0.2m at the end of the first year (t=1). Current liabilities (mostly trade creditors) will increase by$0.1m at the end of the first year (t=1).
At the end of the project, the net working capital accumulated due to the project can be sold for the same price that it was bought.
2. The project cost 0.5m to research which was incurred one year ago. Assumptions • All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year. • All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% pa. • All rates are given as effective annual rates. • The business considering the project is run as a 'sole tradership' (run by an individual without a company) and is therefore eligible for a 50% capital gains tax discount when the equipment is sold, as permitted by the Australian Tax Office. What is the expected net present value (NPV) of the project? One formula for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to use earnings before interest and tax (EBIT). \begin{aligned} FFCF &= (EBIT)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp.t_c \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp.t_c \\ \end{aligned} \\ Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield? One method for calculating a firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to ignore interest expense. That is, pretend that interest expense $(IntExp)$ is zero: \begin{aligned} FFCF &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - 0)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC - 0\\ \end{aligned} Does this annual FFCF with zero interest expense or the annual interest tax shield? One formula for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to use net operating profit after tax (NOPAT). \begin{aligned} FFCF &= NOPAT + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ \end{aligned} \\ Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield? A firm plans to issue equity and use the cash raised to pay off its debt. No assets will be bought or sold. Ignore the costs of financial distress. Which of the following statements is NOT correct, all things remaining equal?  Project Data Project life 2 yrs Initial investment in equipment600k Depreciation of equipment per year $250k Expected sale price of equipment at end of project$200k Revenue per job $12k Variable cost per job$4k Quantity of jobs per year 120 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year $100k Interest expense in first year (at t=1)$16.091k Interest expense in second year (at t=2) $9.711k Tax rate 30% Government treasury bond yield 5% Bank loan debt yield 6% Levered cost of equity 12.5% Market portfolio return 10% Beta of assets 1.24 Beta of levered equity 1.5 Firm's and project's debt-to-equity ratio 25% Notes 1. The project will require an immediate purchase of$50k of inventory, which will all be sold at cost when the project ends. Current liabilities are negligible so they can be ignored.

Assumptions

• The debt-to-equity ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio. Note that interest expense is different in each year.
• Thousands are represented by 'k' (kilo).
• All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year.
• All rates and cash flows are nominal. The inflation rate is 2% pa.
• All rates are given as effective annual rates.
• The 50% capital gains tax discount is not available since the project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual.

What is the net present value (NPV) of the project?

Question 99  capital structure, interest tax shield, Miller and Modigliani, trade off theory of capital structure

A firm changes its capital structure by issuing a large amount of debt and using the funds to repurchase shares. Its assets are unchanged.

Assume that:

• The firm and individual investors can borrow at the same rate and have the same tax rates.
• The firm's debt and shares are fairly priced and the shares are repurchased at the market price, not at a premium.
• There are no market frictions relating to debt such as asymmetric information or transaction costs.
• Shareholders wealth is measured in terms of utiliity. Shareholders are wealth-maximising and risk-averse. They have a preferred level of overall leverage. Before the firm's capital restructure all shareholders were optimally levered.

According to Miller and Modigliani's theory, which statement is correct?

In the below term structure of interest rates equation, all rates are effective annual yields and the numbers in subscript represent the years that the yields are measured over:

$$(1+r_{0-3})^3 = (1+r_{0-1})(1+r_{1-2})(1+r_{2-3})$$

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Which of the following statements about the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is NOT correct?

There are many different ways to value a firm's assets. Which of the following will NOT give the correct market value of a levered firm's assets $(V_L)$? Assume that:

• The firm is financed by listed common stock and vanilla annual fixed coupon bonds, which are both traded in a liquid market.
• The bonds' yield is equal to the coupon rate, so the bonds are issued at par. The yield curve is flat and yields are not expected to change. When bonds mature they will be rolled over by issuing the same number of new bonds with the same expected yield and coupon rate, and so on forever.
• Tax rates on the dividends and capital gains received by investors are equal, and capital gains tax is paid every year, even on unrealised gains regardless of when the asset is sold.
• There is no re-investment of the firm's cash back into the business. All of the firm's excess cash flow is paid out as dividends so real growth is zero.
• The firm operates in a mature industry with zero real growth.
• All cash flows and rates in the below equations are real (not nominal) and are expected to be stable forever. Therefore the perpetuity equation with no growth is suitable for valuation.

Where:

$$r_\text{WACC before tax} = r_D.\frac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\frac{E_L}{V_L} = \text{Weighted average cost of capital before tax}$$ $$r_\text{WACC after tax} = r_D.(1-t_c).\frac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\frac{E_L}{V_L} = \text{Weighted average cost of capital after tax}$$ $$NI_L=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-\mathbf{IntExp}).(1-t_c) = \text{Net Income Levered}$$ $$CFFA_L=NI_L+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+\mathbf{IntExp} = \text{Cash Flow From Assets Levered}$$ $$NI_U=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr).(1-t_c) = \text{Net Income Unlevered}$$ $$CFFA_U=NI_U+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC= \text{Cash Flow From Assets Unlevered}$$

In the below term structure of interest rates equation, all rates are effective annual yields and the numbers in subscript represent the years that the yields are measured over:

$$(1+r_{0-3})^3 = (1+r_{0-1})(1+r_{1-2})(1+r_{2-3})$$

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A European company just issued two bonds, a

• 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and a
• 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa.

What is the company's forward rate over the second year (from t=1 to t=2)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

A European company just issued two bonds, a

• 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and a
• 3 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa.

What is the company's forward rate over the third year (from t=2 to t=3)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

A European company just issued two bonds, a

• 3 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 6% pa, and a
• 4 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 6.5% pa.

What is the company's forward rate over the fourth year (from t=3 to t=4)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

An Australian company just issued two bonds:

• A 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and
• A 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa.

What is the forward rate on the company's debt from years 1 to 2? Give your answer as an APR compounding every 6 months, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

An Australian company just issued two bonds:

• A 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa, and
• A 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa.

What is the forward rate on the company's debt from years 1 to 2? Give your answer as an APR compounding every 6 months, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

Below are some statements about loans and bonds. The first descriptive sentence is correct. But one of the second sentences about the loans' or bonds' prices is not correct. Which statement is NOT correct? Assume that interest rates are positive.

Note that coupons or interest payments are the periodic payments made throughout a bond or loan's life. The face or par value of a bond or loan is the amount paid at the end when the debt matures.

Calculate the price of a newly issued ten year bond with a face value of $100, a yield of 8% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 6% pa, paid annually. So there's only one coupon per year, paid in arrears every year. Details of two different types of light bulbs are given below: • Low-energy light bulbs cost$3.50, have a life of nine years, and use about $1.60 of electricity a year, paid at the end of each year. • Conventional light bulbs cost only$0.50, but last only about a year and use about $6.60 of energy a year, paid at the end of each year. The real discount rate is 5%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that all cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% given as an effective annual rate. Find the Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) of the low-energy and conventional light bulbs. The below choices are listed in that order. Details of two different types of desserts or edible treats are given below: • High-sugar treats like candy, chocolate and ice cream make a person very happy. High sugar treats are cheap at only$2 per day.
• Low-sugar treats like nuts, cheese and fruit make a person equally happy if these foods are of high quality. Low sugar treats are more expensive at $4 per day. The advantage of low-sugar treats is that a person only needs to pay the dentist$2,000 for fillings and root canal therapy once every 15 years. Whereas with high-sugar treats, that treatment needs to be done every 5 years.

The real discount rate is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that there are 365 days in every year and that all cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% given as an effective annual rate.

Find the equivalent annual cash flow (EAC) of the high-sugar treats and low-sugar treats, including dental costs. The below choices are listed in that order.

Ignore the pain of dental therapy, personal preferences and other factors.

A low-quality second-hand car can be bought now for $1,000 and will last for 1 year before it will be scrapped for nothing. A high-quality second-hand car can be bought now for$4,900 and it will last for 5 years before it will be scrapped for nothing.

What is the equivalent annual cost of each car? Assume a discount rate of 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

The answer choices are given as the equivalent annual cost of the low-quality car and then the high quality car.

For a price of $13, Carla will sell you a share which will pay a dividend of$1 in one year and every year after that forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa.

Would you like to Carla's share or politely ?

For a price of $6, Carlos will sell you a share which will pay a dividend of$1 in one year and every year after that forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa.

Would you like to his share or politely ?

For a price of $102, Andrea will sell you a share which just paid a dividend of$10 yesterday, and is expected to pay dividends every year forever, growing at a rate of 5% pa.

So the next dividend will be $10(1+0.05)^1=10.50$ in one year from now, and the year after it will be $10(1+0.05)^2=11.025$ and so on.

The required return of the stock is 15% pa.

Would you like to the share or politely ?

For a price of $1040, Camille will sell you a share which just paid a dividend of$100, and is expected to pay dividends every year forever, growing at a rate of 5% pa.

So the next dividend will be $100(1+0.05)^1=105.00$, and the year after it will be $100(1+0.05)^2=110.25$ and so on.

The required return of the stock is 15% pa.

Would you like to the share or politely ?

For a price of $10.20 each, Renee will sell you 100 shares. Each share is expected to pay dividends in perpetuity, growing at a rate of 5% pa. The next dividend is one year away (t=1) and is expected to be$1 per share.

The required return of the stock is 15% pa.

Would you like to the shares or politely ?

For a price of $129, Joanne will sell you a share which is expected to pay a$30 dividend in one year, and a $10 dividend every year after that forever. So the stock's dividends will be$30 at t=1, $10 at t=2,$10 at t=3, and $10 forever onwards. The required return of the stock is 10% pa. Would you like to the share or politely ? A stock is expected to pay its next dividend of$1 in one year. Future annual dividends are expected to grow by 2% pa. So the first dividend of $1 will be in one year, the year after that$1.02 (=1*(1+0.02)^1), and a year later $1.0404 (=1*(1+0.02)^2) and so on forever. Its required total return is 10% pa. The total required return and growth rate of dividends are given as effective annual rates. Calculate the current stock price. A stock just paid a dividend of$1. Future annual dividends are expected to grow by 2% pa. The next dividend of $1.02 (=1*(1+0.02)^1) will be in one year, and the year after that the dividend will be$1.0404 (=1*(1+0.02)^2), and so on forever.

Its required total return is 10% pa. The total required return and growth rate of dividends are given as effective annual rates.

Calculate the current stock price.

A stock is just about to pay a dividend of $1 tonight. Future annual dividends are expected to grow by 2% pa. The next dividend of$1 will be paid tonight, and the year after that the dividend will be $1.02 (=1*(1+0.02)^1), and a year later 1.0404 (=1*(1+0.04)^2) and so on forever. Its required total return is 10% pa. The total required return and growth rate of dividends are given as effective annual rates. Calculate the current stock price. The following cash flows are expected: • Constant perpetual yearly payments of$70, with the first payment in 2.5 years from now (first payment at t=2.5).
• A single payment of $600 in 3 years and 9 months (t=3.75) from now. What is the NPV of the cash flows if the discount rate is 10% given as an effective annual rate? The perpetuity with growth formula, also known as the dividend discount model (DDM) or Gordon growth model, is appropriate for valuing a company's shares. $P_0$ is the current share price, $C_1$ is next year's expected dividend, $r$ is the total required return and $g$ is the expected growth rate of the dividend. $$P_0=\dfrac{C_1}{r-g}$$ The below graph shows the expected future price path of the company's shares. Which of the following statements about the graph is NOT correct? A firm is considering a new project of similar risk to the current risk of the firm. This project will expand its existing business. The cash flows of the project have been calculated assuming that there is no interest expense. In other words, the cash flows assume that the project is all-equity financed. In fact the firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio of 1, so the project will be financed with 50% debt and 50% equity. To find the levered value of the firm's assets, what discount rate should be applied to the project's unlevered cash flows? Assume a classical tax system.  Project Data Project life 1 year Initial investment in equipment$6m Depreciation of equipment per year $6m Expected sale price of equipment at end of project 0 Unit sales per year 9m Sale price per unit$8 Variable cost per unit $6 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year$1m Interest expense in first year (at t=1) $0.53m Tax rate 30% Government treasury bond yield 5% Bank loan debt yield 6% Market portfolio return 10% Covariance of levered equity returns with market 0.08 Variance of market portfolio returns 0.16 Firm's and project's debt-to-assets ratio 50% Notes 1. Due to the project, current assets will increase by$5m now (t=0) and fall by $5m at the end (t=1). Current liabilities will not be affected. Assumptions • The debt-to-assets ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio. • Millions are represented by 'm'. • All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year. • All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 2% pa. • All rates are given as effective annual rates. • The 50% capital gains tax discount is not available since the project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual. What is the net present value (NPV) of the project? A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university or begin working straight away in her home town. The young lady's grandma says that she should not go to university because she is less likely to marry the local village boy whom she likes because she will spend less time with him if she attends university. What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to decide whether to attend university? The cost of not marrying the local village boy should be classified as: Find the cash flow from assets (CFFA) of the following project.  Project Data Project life 2 years Initial investment in equipment$8m Depreciation of equipment per year for tax purposes $3m Unit sales per year 10m Sale price per unit$9 Variable cost per unit $4 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year$2m Tax rate 30%

Note 1: Due to the project, the firm will have to purchase $40m of inventory initially (at t=0). Half of this inventory will be sold at t=1 and the other half at t=2. Note 2: The equipment will have a book value of$2m at the end of the project for tax purposes. However, the equipment is expected to fetch $1m when it is sold. Assume that the full capital loss is tax-deductible and taxed at the full corporate tax rate. Note 3: The project will be fully funded by equity which investors will expect to pay dividends totaling$10m at the end of each year.

Find the project's CFFA at time zero, one and two. Answers are given in millions of dollars ($m). Which statement about risk, required return and capital structure is the most correct? A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 50%. The firm then issues a large amount of debt to raise money for new projects of similar risk to the company's existing projects. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is correct? Question 121 capital structure, leverage, costs of financial distress, interest tax shield Fill in the missing words in the following sentence: All things remaining equal, as a firm's amount of debt funding falls, benefits of interest tax shields __________ and the costs of financial distress __________. One of Miller and Modigliani's (M&M's) important insights is that a firm's managers should not try to achieve a particular level of leverage or interest tax shields under certain assumptions. So the firm's capital structure is irrelevant. This is because investors can make their own personal leverage and interest tax shields, so there's no need for managers to try to make corporate leverage and interest tax shields. This is true under the assumptions of equal tax rates, interest rates and debt availability for the person and the corporation, no transaction costs and symmetric information. This principal of 'home-made' or 'do-it-yourself' leverage can also be applied to other topics. Read the following statements to decide which are true: (I) Payout policy: a firm's managers should not try to achieve a particular pattern of equity payout. (II) Agency costs: a firm's managers should not try to minimise agency costs. (III) Diversification: a firm's managers should not try to diversify across industries. (IV) Shareholder wealth: a firm's managers should not try to maximise shareholders' wealth. Which of the above statement(s) are true? Interest expense on debt is tax-deductible, but dividend payments on equity are not. or ? A levered company's required return on debt is always less than its required return on equity. or ? A firm has a debt-to-equity ratio of 25%. What is its debt-to-assets ratio? A firm has a debt-to-equity ratio of 60%. What is its debt-to-assets ratio? The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ For a firm with debt, what is the amount of the interest tax shield per year? The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ For a firm with debt, what is the formula for the present value of interest tax shields if the tax shields occur in perpetuity? You may assume: • the value of debt (D) is constant through time, • The cost of debt and the yield on debt are equal and given by $r_D$. • the appropriate rate to discount interest tax shields is $r_D$. • $\text{IntExp}=D.r_D$ Which of the following discount rates should be the highest for a levered company? Ignore the costs of financial distress. Unrestricted negative gearing is allowed in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Negative gearing laws allow income losses on investment properties to be deducted from a tax-payer's pre-tax personal income. Negatively geared investors benefit from this tax advantage. They also hope to benefit from capital gains which exceed the income losses. For example, a property investor buys an apartment funded by an interest only mortgage loan. Interest expense is$2,000 per month. The rental payments received from the tenant living on the property are $1,500 per month. The investor can deduct this income loss of$500 per month from his pre-tax personal income. If his personal marginal tax rate is 46.5%, this saves $232.5 per month in personal income tax. The advantage of negative gearing is an example of the benefits of: Estimate Microsoft's (MSFT) share price using a price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only: • Apple, Google and Microsoft are comparable companies, • Apple's (AAPL) share price is$526.24 and historical EPS is $40.32. • Google's (GOOG) share price is$1,215.65 and historical EPS is $36.23. • Micrsoft's (MSFT) historical earnings per share (EPS) is$2.71.

Source: Google Finance 28 Feb 2014.

Which firms tend to have high forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios?

Which firms tend to have low forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios?

Only consider firms with positive earnings, disregard firms with negative earnings and therefore negative PE ratios.

Which of the following companies is most suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

Which of the following investable assets is the LEAST suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

Government bonds currently have a return of 5% pa. A stock has an expected return of 6% pa and the market return is 7% pa. What is the beta of the stock?

Government bonds currently have a return of 5%. A stock has a beta of 2 and the market return is 7%. What is the expected return of the stock?

A firm pays a fully franked cash dividend of $70 to one of its Australian shareholders who has a personal marginal tax rate of 45%. The corporate tax rate is 30%. What will be the shareholder's personal tax payable due to the dividend payment? A firm's weighted average cost of capital before tax ($r_\text{WACC before tax}$) would increase due to: A company has: • 140 million shares outstanding. • The market price of one share is currently$2.
• The company's debentures are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 93% of the face value.
• The debentures have a total face value of $50,000,000 and the current yield to maturity of corporate debentures is 12% per annum. • The risk-free rate is 8.50% and the market return is 13.7%. • Market analysts estimated that the company's stock has a beta of 0.90. • The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the company's after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in a classical tax system? A firm can issue 3 year annual coupon bonds at a yield of 10% pa and a coupon rate of 8% pa. The beta of its levered equity is 2. The market's expected return is 10% pa and 3 year government bonds yield 6% pa with a coupon rate of 4% pa. The market value of equity is$1 million and the market value of debt is $1 million. The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the firm's after-tax WACC? Assume a classical tax system. A fairly priced stock has an expected return of 15% pa. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. What is the beta of the stock? A fairly priced stock has a beta that is the same as the market portfolio's beta. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. What is the expected return of the stock? A company issues a large amount of bonds to raise money for new projects of similar risk to the company's existing projects. The net present value (NPV) of the new projects is positive but small. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is NOT correct? A company has: • 10 million common shares outstanding, each trading at a price of$90.
• 1 million preferred shares which have a face (or par) value of $100 and pay a constant dividend of 9% of par. They currently trade at a price of$120 each.
• Debentures that have a total face value of $60,000,000 and a yield to maturity of 6% per annum. They are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 90% of their face value. • The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%. • Market analysts estimate that the company's common stock has a beta of 1.2. The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the company's after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system. A company has: • 100 million ordinary shares outstanding which are trading at a price of$5 each. Market analysts estimated that the company's ordinary stock has a beta of 1.5. The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%.
• 1 million preferred shares which have a face (or par) value of $100 and pay a constant annual dividend of 9% of par. The next dividend will be paid in one year. Assume that all preference dividends will be paid when promised. They currently trade at a price of$90 each.
• Debentures that have a total face value of $200 million and a yield to maturity of 6% per annum. They are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 110% of their face value. The corporate tax rate is 30%. All returns and yields are given as effective annual rates. What is the company's after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system. The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation. $$p_{0} = \frac{c_1}{r_{\text{eff}} - g_{\text{eff}}}$$ What is the discount rate '$r_\text{eff}$' in this equation? A company's shares just paid their annual dividend of$2 each.

The stock price is now $40 (just after the dividend payment). The annual dividend is expected to grow by 3% every year forever. The assumptions of the dividend discount model are valid for this company. What do you expect the effective annual dividend yield to be in 3 years (dividend yield from t=3 to t=4)? The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation. $$p_0= \frac{c_1}{r-g}$$ Which expression is equal to the expected dividend return? Three years ago Frederika bought a house for$400,000.

Now it's worth $600,000, based on recent similar sales in the area. Frederika's residential property has an expected total return of 7% pa. She rents her house out for$2,500 per month, paid in advance. Every 12 months she plans to increase the rental payments.

The present value of 12 months of rental payments is $29,089.48. The future value of 12 months of rental payments one year ahead is$31,125.74.

What is the expected annual capital yield of the property?

You just bought a residential apartment as an investment property for $500,000. You intend to rent it out to tenants. They are ready to move in, they would just like to know how much the monthly rental payments will be, then they will sign a twelve-month lease. You require a total return of 8% pa and a rental yield of 5% pa. What would the monthly paid-in-advance rental payments have to be this year to receive that 5% annual rental yield? Also, if monthly rental payments can be increased each year when a new lease agreement is signed, by how much must you increase rents per year to realise the 8% pa total return on the property? Ignore all taxes and the costs of renting such as maintenance costs, real estate agent fees, utilities and so on. Assume that there will be no periods of vacancy and that tenants will promptly pay the rental prices you charge. Note that the first rental payment will be received at t=0. The first lease agreement specifies the first 12 equal payments from t=0 to 11. The next lease agreement can have a rental increase, so the next twelve equal payments from t=12 to 23 can be higher than previously, and so on forever. A fairly valued share's current price is$4 and it has a total required return of 30%. Dividends are paid annually and next year's dividend is expected to be $1. After that, dividends are expected to grow by 5% pa in perpetuity. All rates are effective annual returns. What is the expected dividend income paid at the end of the second year (t=2) and what is the expected capital gain from just after the first dividend (t=1) to just after the second dividend (t=2)? The answers are given in the same order, the dividend and then the capital gain. The perpetuity with growth equation is: $$P_0=\dfrac{C_1}{r-g}$$ Which of the following is NOT equal to the expected capital return as an effective annual rate? Two companies BigDiv and ZeroDiv are exactly the same except for their dividend payouts. BigDiv pays large dividends and ZeroDiv doesn't pay any dividends. Currently the two firms have the same earnings, assets, number of shares, share price, expected total return and risk. Assume a perfect world with no taxes, no transaction costs, no asymmetric information and that all assets including business projects are fairly priced and therefore zero-NPV. All things remaining equal, which of the following statements is NOT correct? A stock will pay you a dividend of$10 tonight if you buy it today. Thereafter the annual dividend is expected to grow by 5% pa, so the next dividend after the $10 one tonight will be$10.50 in one year, then in two years it will be $11.025 and so on. The stock's required return is 10% pa. What is the stock price today and what do you expect the stock price to be tomorrow, approximately? A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 6% pa and nominal capital return of 2.5% pa. Inflation is expected to be 2.5% pa. All of the above are effective nominal rates and investors believe that they will stay the same in perpetuity. What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order. Which of the following statements about cash in the form of notes and coins is NOT correct? Assume that inflation is positive. Notes and coins: Total cash flows can be broken into income and capital cash flows. What is the name given to the cash flow generated from selling shares at a higher price than they were bought? For a price of$95, Sherylanne will sell you a share which is expected to pay its first dividend of $10 in 7 years (t=7), and will continue to pay the same$10 dividend every year after that forever.

The required return of the stock is 10% pa.

Would you like to the share or politely ?

If housing rents are constrained from growing more than the maximum target inflation rate, and houses can be priced as a perpetuity of growing net rental cash flows, then what is the implication for house prices, all things remaining equal? Select the most correct answer.

Background: Since 1990, many central banks across the world have become 'inflation targeters'. They have adopted a policy of trying to keep inflation in a predictable narrow range, with the hope of encouraging long-term lending to fund more investment and maintain higher GDP growth.

Australia's central bank, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), has specifically stated their inflation target range is between 2 and 3% pa.

Some Australian residential property market commentators suggest that because rental costs comprise a large part of the Australian consumer price index (CPI), rent costs across the nation cannot significantly exceed the maximum inflation target range of 3% pa without the prices of other goods growing by less than the target range for long periods, which is unlikely.

You are an equities analyst trying to value the equity of the Australian telecoms company Telstra, with ticker TLS. In Australia, listed companies like Telstra tend to pay dividends every 6 months. The payment around August is called the final dividend and the payment around February is called the interim dividend. Both occur annually.

• Today is mid-March 2015.
• TLS's last interim dividend of $0.15 was one month ago in mid-February 2015. • TLS's last final dividend of$0.15 was seven months ago in mid-August 2014.

Judging by TLS's dividend history and prospects, you estimate that the nominal dividend growth rate will be 1% pa. Assume that TLS's total nominal cost of equity is 6% pa. The dividends are nominal cash flows and the inflation rate is 2.5% pa. All rates are quoted as nominal effective annual rates. Assume that each month is exactly one twelfth (1/12) of a year, so you can ignore the number of days in each month.

Calculate the current TLS share price.

Convert a 10% continuously compounded annual rate $(r_\text{cc annual})$ into an effective annual rate $(r_\text{eff annual})$. The equivalent effective annual rate is:

Which of the following interest rate quotes is NOT equivalent to a 10% effective annual rate of return? Assume that each year has 12 months, each month has 30 days, each day has 24 hours, each hour has 60 minutes and each minute has 60 seconds. APR stands for Annualised Percentage Rate.

Gross discrete returns in different states of the world are presented in the table below. A gross discrete return is defined as $P_1/P_0$, where $P_0$ is the price now and $P_1$ is the expected price in the future. An investor can purchase only a single asset, A, B, C or D. Assume that a portfolio of assets is not possible.

 Gross Discrete Returns In Different States of the World Investment World states (probability) asset Good (50%) Bad (50%) A 2 0.5 B 1.1 0.9 C 1.1 0.95 D 1.01 1.01

Which of the following statements about the different assets is NOT correct? Asset:

Which of the following statements about Macaulay duration is NOT correct? The Macaulay duration:

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Fairly-priced assets should:

The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Single Index Model (SIM) are single factor models whose only risk factor is the market portfolio’s return. Say a Solar electricity generator company and a Beach bathing chair renting company are influenced by two factors, the market portfolio return and cloud cover in the sky. When it's sunny and not cloudy, both the Solar and Beach companies’ stock prices do well. When there’s dense cloud cover and no sun, both do poorly. Assume that cloud coverage risk is a systematic risk that cannot be diversified and that cloud cover has zero correlation with the market portfolio’s returns.

Which of the following statements about these two stocks is NOT correct?

The CAPM and SIM:

The symbol $\text{GDR}_{0\rightarrow 1}$ represents a stock's gross discrete return per annum over the first year. $\text{GDR}_{0\rightarrow 1} = P_1/P_0$. The subscript indicates the time period that the return is mentioned over. So for example, $\text{AAGDR}_{1 \rightarrow 3}$ is the arithmetic average GDR measured over the two year period from years 1 to 3, but it is expressed as a per annum rate.

Which of the below statements about the arithmetic and geometric average GDR is NOT correct?

A stock has an arithmetic average continuously compounded return (AALGDR) of 10% pa, a standard deviation of continuously compounded returns (SDLGDR) of 80% pa and current stock price of $1. Assume that stock prices are log-normally distributed. In one year, what do you expect the mean and median prices to be? The answer options are given in the same order. A stock has an arithmetic average continuously compounded return (AALGDR) of 10% pa, a standard deviation of continuously compounded returns (SDLGDR) of 80% pa and current stock price of$1. Assume that stock prices are log-normally distributed.

In 5 years, what do you expect the mean and median prices to be? The answer options are given in the same order.

The Australian cash rate is expected to be 6% pa while the US federal funds rate is expected to be 4% pa over the next 3 years, both given as effective annual rates. The current exchange rate is 0.80 AUD per USD.

What is the implied 3 year forward foreign exchange rate?

A company runs a number of slaughterhouses which supply hamburger meat to McDonalds. The company is afraid that live cattle prices will increase over the next year, even though there is widespread belief in the market that they will be stable. What can the company do to hedge against the risk of increasing live cattle prices? Which statement(s) are correct?

(i) buy call options on live cattle.

(ii) buy put options on live cattle.

(iii) sell call options on live cattle.

Select the most correct response:

You operate a cattle farm that supplies hamburger meat to the big fast food chains. You buy a lot of grain to feed your cattle, and you sell the fully grown cattle on the livestock market.

You're afraid of adverse movements in grain and livestock prices. What options should you buy to hedge your exposures in the grain and cattle livestock markets?

Select the most correct response:

It's possible for both parties in a futures or forward contract to be hedging, so neither are speculating. or ?