# Fight Finance

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Suppose you had $100 in a savings account and the interest rate was 2% per year. After 5 years, how much do you think you would have in the account if you left the money to grow? than$102, $102 or than$102?

Do you think that the following statement is or ? “Buying a single company stock usually provides a safer return than a stock mutual fund.”

Imagine that the interest rate on your savings account was 1% per year and inflation was 2% per year.

After one year, would you be able to buy , exactly the as or than today with the money in this account?

Katya offers to pay you $10 at the end of every year for the next 5 years (t=1,2,3,4,5) if you pay her$50 now (t=0). You can borrow and lend from the bank at an interest rate of 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

Ignore credit risk.

Will you or Katya's deal?

This annuity formula $\dfrac{C_1}{r}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{(1+r)^3} \right)$ is equivalent to which of the following formulas? Note the 3.

In the below formulas, $C_t$ is a cash flow at time t. All of the cash flows are equal, but paid at different times.

A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 8% pa and nominal capital return of 3% pa.

Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.

What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order.

A stock has a real expected total return of 7% pa and a real expected capital return of 2% pa.

Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.

What is the nominal expected total return, capital return and dividend yield? The answers below are given in the same order.

You are a banker about to grant a 2 year loan to a customer. The loan's principal and interest will be repaid in a single payment at maturity, sometimes called a zero-coupon loan, discount loan or bullet loan.

You require a real return of 6% pa over the two years, given as an effective annual rate. Inflation is expected to be 2% this year and 4% next year, both given as effective annual rates.

You judge that the customer can afford to pay back $1,000,000 in 2 years, given as a nominal cash flow. How much should you lend to her right now? The saying "buy low, sell high" suggests that investors should make a: Which of the following is NOT a synonym of 'required return'? Total cash flows can be broken into income and capital cash flows. What is the name given to the income cash flow from owning shares? A stock was bought for$8 and paid a dividend of $0.50 one year later (at t=1 year). Just after the dividend was paid, the stock price was$7 (at t=1 year).

What were the total, capital and dividend returns given as effective annual rates? The choices are given in the same order:

$r_\text{total}$, $r_\text{capital}$, $r_\text{dividend}$.

A share was bought for $30 (at t=0) and paid its annual dividend of$6 one year later (at t=1).

Just after the dividend was paid, the share price fell to $27 (at t=1). What were the total, capital and income returns given as effective annual rates? The choices are given in the same order: $r_\text{total}$ , $r_\text{capital}$ , $r_\text{dividend}$. A fixed coupon bond was bought for$90 and paid its annual coupon of $3 one year later (at t=1 year). Just after the coupon was paid, the bond price was$92 (at t=1 year). What was the total return, capital return and income return? Calculate your answers as effective annual rates.

The choices are given in the same order: $r_\text{total},r_\text{capital},r_\text{income}$.

One and a half years ago Frank bought a house for $600,000. Now it's worth only$500,000, based on recent similar sales in the area.

The expected total return on Frank's residential property is 7% pa.

He rents his house out for $1,600 per month, paid in advance. Every 12 months he plans to increase the rental payments. The present value of 12 months of rental payments is$18,617.27.

The future value of 12 months of rental payments one year in the future is $19,920.48. What is the expected annual rental yield of the property? Ignore the costs of renting such as maintenance, real estate agent fees and so on. When valuing assets using discounted cash flow (net present value) methods, it is important to consider inflation. To properly deal with inflation: (I) Discount nominal cash flows by nominal discount rates. (II) Discount nominal cash flows by real discount rates. (III) Discount real cash flows by nominal discount rates. (IV) Discount real cash flows by real discount rates. Which of the above statements is or are correct? In the 'Austin Powers' series of movies, the character Dr. Evil threatens to destroy the world unless the United Nations pays him a ransom (video 1, video 2). Dr. Evil makes the threat on two separate occasions: • In 1969 he demands a ransom of$1 million (=10^6), and again;
• In 1997 he demands a ransom of $100 billion (=10^11). If Dr. Evil's demands are equivalent in real terms, in other words$1 million will buy the same basket of goods in 1969 as $100 billion would in 1997, what was the implied inflation rate over the 28 years from 1969 to 1997? The answer choices below are given as effective annual rates: A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 6% pa and nominal capital return of 3% pa. Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates. What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order. The below screenshot of Commonwealth Bank of Australia's (CBA) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 7 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was CBA's market capitalisation of equity? The below screenshot of Microsoft's (MSFT) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 28 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was MSFT's market capitalisation of equity? Which of the following statements about book and market equity is NOT correct? One year ago a pharmaceutical firm floated by selling its 1 million shares for$100 each. Its book and market values of equity were both $100m. Its debt totalled$50m. The required return on the firm's assets was 15%, equity 20% and debt 5% pa.

In the year since then, the firm:

• Earned net income of $29m. • Paid dividends totaling$10m.
• Discovered a valuable new drug that will lead to a massive 1,000 times increase in the firm's net income in 10 years after the research is commercialised. News of the discovery was publicly announced. The firm's systematic risk remains unchanged.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? All statements are about current figures, not figures one year ago.

Hint: Book return on assets (ROA) and book return on equity (ROE) are ratios that accountants like to use to measure a business's past performance.

$$\text{ROA}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of assets}}$$

$$\text{ROE}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of equity}}$$

The required return on assets $r_V$ is a return that financiers like to use to estimate a business's future required performance which compensates them for the firm's assets' risks. If the business were to achieve realised historical returns equal to its required returns, then investment into the business's assets would have been a zero-NPV decision, which is neither good nor bad but fair.

$$r_\text{V, 0 to 1}= \dfrac{\text{Cash flow from assets}_\text{1}}{\text{Market value of assets}_\text{0}} = \dfrac{CFFA_\text{1}}{V_\text{0}}$$

Similarly for equity and debt.

The investment decision primarily affects which part of a business?

The working capital decision primarily affects which part of a business?

The financing decision primarily affects which part of a business?

Business people make lots of important decisions. Which of the following is the most important long term decision?

You're considering making an investment in a particular company. They have preference shares, ordinary shares, senior debt and junior debt.

Which is the safest investment? Which will give the highest returns?

A newly floated farming company is financed with senior bonds, junior bonds, cumulative non-voting preferred stock and common stock. The new company has no retained profits and due to floods it was unable to record any revenues this year, leading to a loss. The firm is not bankrupt yet since it still has substantial contributed equity (same as paid-up capital).

On which securities must it pay interest or dividend payments in this terrible financial year?

Which business structure or structures have the advantage of limited liability for equity investors?

What is the lowest and highest expected share price and expected return from owning shares in a company over a finite period of time?

Let the current share price be $p_0$, the expected future share price be $p_1$, the expected future dividend be $d_1$ and the expected return be $r$. Define the expected return as:

$r=\dfrac{p_1-p_0+d_1}{p_0}$

The answer choices are stated using inequalities. As an example, the first answer choice "(a) $0≤p<∞$ and $0≤r< 1$", states that the share price must be larger than or equal to zero and less than positive infinity, and that the return must be larger than or equal to zero and less than one.

Some countries' interest rates are so low that they're zero.

If interest rates are 0% pa and are expected to stay at that level for the foreseeable future, what is the most that you would be prepared to pay a bank now if it offered to pay you $10 at the end of every year for the next 5 years? In other words, what is the present value of five$10 payments at time 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 if interest rates are 0% pa?

The expression 'cash is king' emphasizes the importance of which business decision?

The expression 'you have to spend money to make money' relates to which business decision?

Which of the following decisions relates to the current assets and current liabilities of the firm?

Discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation prices assets by finding the present value of the asset's future cash flows. The single cash flow, annuity, and perpetuity equations are very useful for this.

Which of the following equations is the 'perpetuity with growth' equation?

The following equation is called the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Gordon Growth Model or the perpetuity with growth formula: $$P_0 = \frac{ C_1 }{ r - g }$$

What is $g$? The value $g$ is the long term expected:

For a price of $13, Carla will sell you a share which will pay a dividend of$1 in one year and every year after that forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa.

Would you like to Carla's share or politely ?

The first payment of a constant perpetual annual cash flow is received at time 5. Let this cash flow be $C_5$ and the required return be $r$.

So there will be equal annual cash flows at time 5, 6, 7 and so on forever, and all of the cash flows will be equal so $C_5 = C_6 = C_7 = ...$

When the perpetuity formula is used to value this stream of cash flows, it will give a value (V) at time:

The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation.

$$P_{0} = \frac{C_1}{r_{\text{eff}} - g_{\text{eff}}}$$

What would you call the expression $C_1/P_0$?

The following is the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) used to price stocks:

$$P_0=\dfrac{C_1}{r-g}$$

If the assumptions of the DDM hold, which one of the following statements is NOT correct? The long term expected:

A share just paid its semi-annual dividend of $10. The dividend is expected to grow at 2% every 6 months forever. This 2% growth rate is an effective 6 month rate. Therefore the next dividend will be$10.20 in six months. The required return of the stock 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

What is the price of the share now?

What is the NPV of the following series of cash flows when the discount rate is 5% given as an effective annual rate?

The first payment of $10 is in 4 years, followed by payments every 6 months forever after that which shrink by 2% every 6 months. That is, the growth rate every 6 months is actually negative 2%, given as an effective 6 month rate. So the payment at $t=4.5$ years will be $10(1-0.02)^1=9.80$, and so on. A stock pays annual dividends which are expected to continue forever. It just paid a dividend of$10. The growth rate in the dividend is 2% pa. You estimate that the stock's required return is 10% pa. Both the discount rate and growth rate are given as effective annual rates. Using the dividend discount model, what will be the share price?

A fairly valued share's current price is $4 and it has a total required return of 30%. Dividends are paid annually and next year's dividend is expected to be$1. After that, dividends are expected to grow by 5% pa in perpetuity. All rates are effective annual returns.

What is the expected dividend income paid at the end of the second year (t=2) and what is the expected capital gain from just after the first dividend (t=1) to just after the second dividend (t=2)? The answers are given in the same order, the dividend and then the capital gain.

A stock pays semi-annual dividends. It just paid a dividend of $10. The growth rate in the dividend is 1% every 6 months, given as an effective 6 month rate. You estimate that the stock's required return is 21% pa, as an effective annual rate. Using the dividend discount model, what will be the share price? The boss of WorkingForTheManCorp has a wicked (and unethical) idea. He plans to pay his poor workers one week late so that he can get more interest on his cash in the bank. Every week he is supposed to pay his 1,000 employees$1,000 each. So $1 million is paid to employees every week. The boss was just about to pay his employees today, until he thought of this idea so he will actually pay them one week (7 days) later for the work they did last week and every week in the future, forever. Bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as a real effective annual rate. So $r_\text{eff annual, real} = 0.1$ and the real effective weekly rate is therefore $r_\text{eff weekly, real} = (1+0.1)^{1/52}-1 = 0.001834569$ All rates and cash flows are real, the inflation rate is 3% pa and there are 52 weeks per year. The boss will always pay wages one week late. The business will operate forever with constant real wages and the same number of employees. What is the net present value (NPV) of the boss's decision to pay later? The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. What is the Profitability Index (PI) of the project?  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 0 2 121

A project has the following cash flows:

 Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -400 1 200 2 250 What is the Profitability Index (PI) of the project? Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. The required return is 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. A project has the following cash flows:  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -90 1 30 2 105

The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time.

What is the Profitability Index (PI) of the project?

The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate.

What is the payback period of the project in years?

Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are received smoothly over the year. So the $121 at time 2 is actually earned smoothly from t=1 to t=2.  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 11 2 121

A project has the following cash flows:

 Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -400 1 0 2 500 What is the payback period of the project in years? Normally cash flows are assumed to happen at the given time. But here, assume that the cash flows are received smoothly over the year. So the$500 at time 2 is actually earned smoothly from t=1 to t=2.

A project to build a toll road will take 3 years to complete, costing three payments of $50 million, paid at the start of each year (at times 0, 1, and 2). After completion, the toll road will yield a constant$10 million at the end of each year forever with no costs. So the first payment will be at t=4.

The required return of the project is 10% pa given as an effective nominal rate. All cash flows are nominal.

What is the payback period?

An 'interest payment' is the same thing as a 'coupon payment'. or ?

An 'interest rate' is the same thing as a 'coupon rate'. or ?

An 'interest rate' is the same thing as a 'yield'. or ?

Which of the following statements is NOT equivalent to the yield on debt?

Assume that the debt being referred to is fairly priced, but do not assume that it's priced at par.

An 'interest only' loan can also be called a:

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Borrowers:

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Lenders:

A credit card offers an interest rate of 18% pa, compounding monthly.

Find the effective monthly rate, effective annual rate and the effective daily rate. Assume that there are 365 days in a year.

All answers are given in the same order:

$$r_\text{eff monthly} , r_\text{eff yearly} , r_\text{eff daily}$$

A European bond paying annual coupons of 6% offers a yield of 10% pa.

Convert the yield into an effective monthly rate, an effective annual rate and an effective daily rate. Assume that there are 365 days in a year.

All answers are given in the same order:

$$r_\text{eff, monthly} , r_\text{eff, yearly} , r_\text{eff, daily}$$

On his 20th birthday, a man makes a resolution. He will deposit $30 into a bank account at the end of every month starting from now, which is the start of the month. So the first payment will be in one month. He will write in his will that when he dies the money in the account should be given to charity. The bank account pays interest at 6% pa compounding monthly, which is not expected to change. If the man lives for another 60 years, how much money will be in the bank account if he dies just after making his last (720th) payment? A stock is expected to pay its next dividend of$1 in one year. Future annual dividends are expected to grow by 2% pa. So the first dividend of $1 will be in one year, the year after that$1.02 (=1*(1+0.02)^1), and a year later $1.0404 (=1*(1+0.02)^2) and so on forever. Its required total return is 10% pa. The total required return and growth rate of dividends are given as effective annual rates. Calculate the current stock price. The following cash flows are expected: • Constant perpetual yearly payments of$70, with the first payment in 2.5 years from now (first payment at t=2.5).
• A single payment of $600 in 3 years and 9 months (t=3.75) from now. What is the NPV of the cash flows if the discount rate is 10% given as an effective annual rate? The following cash flows are expected: • 10 yearly payments of$80, with the first payment in 6.5 years from now (first payment at t=6.5).
• A single payment of $500 in 4 years and 3 months (t=4.25) from now. What is the NPV of the cash flows if the discount rate is 10% given as an effective annual rate? A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 6% pa and nominal capital return of 2.5% pa. Inflation is expected to be 2.5% pa. All of the above are effective nominal rates and investors believe that they will stay the same in perpetuity. What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order. A low-growth mature stock has an expected nominal total return of 6% pa and nominal capital return of 2% pa. Inflation is expected to be 3% pa. All of the above are effective nominal rates and investors believe that they will stay the same in perpetuity. What are the stock's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Total cash flows can be broken into income and capital cash flows. What is the name given to the cash flow generated from selling shares at a higher price than they were bought? For a price of$6, Carlos will sell you a share which will pay a dividend of $1 in one year and every year after that forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa. Would you like to his share or politely ? For a price of$102, Andrea will sell you a share which just paid a dividend of $10 yesterday, and is expected to pay dividends every year forever, growing at a rate of 5% pa. So the next dividend will be $10(1+0.05)^1=10.50$ in one year from now, and the year after it will be $10(1+0.05)^2=11.025$ and so on. The required return of the stock is 15% pa. Would you like to the share or politely ? For a price of$10.20 each, Renee will sell you 100 shares. Each share is expected to pay dividends in perpetuity, growing at a rate of 5% pa. The next dividend is one year away (t=1) and is expected to be $1 per share. The required return of the stock is 15% pa. Would you like to the shares or politely ? For a price of$129, Joanne will sell you a share which is expected to pay a $30 dividend in one year, and a$10 dividend every year after that forever. So the stock's dividends will be $30 at t=1,$10 at t=2, $10 at t=3, and$10 forever onwards.

The required return of the stock is 10% pa.

Would you like to the share or politely ?

For a price of $95, Sherylanne will sell you a share which is expected to pay its first dividend of$10 in 7 years (t=7), and will continue to pay the same $10 dividend every year after that forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa. Would you like to the share or politely ? For a price of$100, Vera will sell you a 2 year bond paying semi-annual coupons of 10% pa. The face value of the bond is $100. Other bonds with similar risk, maturity and coupon characteristics trade at a yield of 8% pa. Would you like to her bond or politely ? The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation. $$p_{0} = \frac{c_1}{r_{\text{eff}} - g_{\text{eff}}}$$ What is the discount rate '$r_\text{eff}$' in this equation? A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university or begin working straight away in her home town. The young lady's grandma says that she should not go to university because she is less likely to marry the local village boy whom she likes because she will spend less time with him if she attends university. What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to decide whether to attend university? The cost of not marrying the local village boy should be classified as: A man is thinking about taking a day off from his casual painting job to relax. He just woke up early in the morning and he's about to call his boss to say that he won't be coming in to work. But he's thinking about the hours that he could work today (in the future) which are: A stock just paid a dividend of$1. Future annual dividends are expected to grow by 2% pa. The next dividend of $1.02 (=1*(1+0.02)^1) will be in one year, and the year after that the dividend will be$1.0404 (=1*(1+0.02)^2), and so on forever.

Its required total return is 10% pa. The total required return and growth rate of dividends are given as effective annual rates.

Calculate the current stock price.

Estimate the US bank JP Morgan's share price using a price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only:

• The major US banks JP Morgan Chase (JPM), Citi Group (C) and Wells Fargo (WFC) are comparable companies;
• JP Morgan Chase's historical earnings per share (EPS) is $4.37; • Citi Group's share price is$50.05 and historical EPS is $4.26; • Wells Fargo's share price is$48.98 and historical EPS is $3.89. Note: Figures sourced from Google Finance on 24 March 2014. Estimate Microsoft's (MSFT) share price using a price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only: • Apple, Google and Microsoft are comparable companies, • Apple's (AAPL) share price is$526.24 and historical EPS is $40.32. • Google's (GOOG) share price is$1,215.65 and historical EPS is $36.23. • Micrsoft's (MSFT) historical earnings per share (EPS) is$2.71.

Source: Google Finance 28 Feb 2014.

Which firms tend to have high forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios?

Private equity firms are known to buy medium sized private companies operating in the same industry, merge them together into a larger company, and then sell it off in a public float (initial public offering, IPO).

If medium-sized private companies trade at PE ratios of 5 and larger listed companies trade at PE ratios of 15, what return can be achieved from this strategy?

Assume that:

• The medium-sized companies can be bought, merged and sold in an IPO instantaneously.
• There are no costs of finding, valuing, merging and restructuring the medium sized companies. Also, there is no competition to buy the medium-sized companies from other private equity firms.
• The large merged firm's earnings are the sum of the medium firms' earnings.
• The only reason for the difference in medium and large firm's PE ratios is due to the illiquidity of the medium firms' shares.
• Return is defined as: $r_{0→1} = (p_1-p_0+c_1)/p_0$ , where time zero is just before the merger and time one is just after.

Which of the below statements about effective rates and annualised percentage rates (APR's) is NOT correct?

You want to buy an apartment worth $400,000. You have saved a deposit of$80,000. The bank has agreed to lend you the $320,000 as a fully amortising mortgage loan with a term of 30 years. The interest rate is 6% pa and is not expected to change. What will be your monthly payments? For a price of$95, Nicole will sell you a 10 year bond paying semi-annual coupons of 8% pa. The face value of the bond is $100. Other bonds with the same risk, maturity and coupon characteristics trade at a yield of 8% pa. Would you like to the bond or politely ? Bonds X and Y are issued by the same US company. Both bonds yield 10% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency.

The only difference is that bond X and Y's coupon rates are 8 and 12% pa respectively. Which of the following statements is true?

The theory of fixed interest bond pricing is an application of the theory of Net Present Value (NPV). Also, a 'fairly priced' asset is not over- or under-priced. Buying or selling a fairly priced asset has an NPV of zero.

Considering this, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Which of the following statements about risk free government bonds is NOT correct?

Hint: Total return can be broken into income and capital returns as follows:

\begin{aligned} r_\text{total} &= \frac{c_1}{p_0} + \frac{p_1-p_0}{p_0} \\ &= r_\text{income} + r_\text{capital} \end{aligned}

The capital return is the growth rate of the price.
The income return is the periodic cash flow. For a bond this is the coupon payment.

The theory of fixed interest bond pricing is an application of the theory of Net Present Value (NPV). Also, a 'fairly priced' asset is not over- or under-priced. Buying or selling a fairly priced asset has an NPV of zero.

Considering this, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Bonds X and Y are issued by different companies, but they both pay a semi-annual coupon of 10% pa and they have the same face value ($100), maturity (3 years) and yield (10%) as each other. Which of the following statements is true? Which one of the following bonds is trading at a discount? Which one of the following bonds is trading at par? Bonds X and Y are issued by the same US company. Both bonds yield 6% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency.

The only difference is that bond X pays coupons of 8% pa and bond Y pays coupons of 12% pa. Which of the following statements is true?

Your friend wants to borrow $1,000 and offers to pay you back$100 in 6 months, with more $100 payments at the end of every month for another 11 months. So there will be twelve$100 payments in total. She says that 12 payments of $100 equals$1,200 so she's being generous.

If interest rates are 12% pa, given as an APR compounding monthly, what is the Net Present Value (NPV) of your friend's deal?

For a price of $100, Carol will sell you a 5 year bond paying semi-annual coupons of 16% pa. The face value of the bond is$100. Other bonds with similar risk, maturity and coupon characteristics trade at a yield of 12% pa.

Would you like to her bond or politely ?

For a price of $100, Rad will sell you a 5 year bond paying semi-annual coupons of 16% pa. The face value of the bond is$100. Other bonds with the same risk, maturity and coupon characteristics trade at a yield of 6% pa.

Would you like to the bond or politely ?

For a price of $100, Andrea will sell you a 2 year bond paying annual coupons of 10% pa. The face value of the bond is$100. Other bonds with the same risk, maturity and coupon characteristics trade at a yield of 6% pa.

Would you like to the bond or politely ?

A three year bond has a face value of $100, a yield of 10% and a fixed coupon rate of 5%, paid semi-annually. What is its price? Bonds A and B are issued by the same company. They have the same face value, maturity, seniority and coupon payment frequency. The only difference is that bond A has a 5% coupon rate, while bond B has a 10% coupon rate. The yield curve is flat, which means that yields are expected to stay the same. Which of the following statements will be true about their prices? A two year Government bond has a face value of$100, a yield of 0.5% and a fixed coupon rate of 0.5%, paid semi-annually. What is its price?

A two year Government bond has a face value of $100, a yield of 2.5% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 0.5% pa, paid semi-annually. What is its price? Bonds A and B are issued by the same Australian company. Both bonds yield 7% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency.

The only difference is that bond A pays coupons of 10% pa and bond B pays coupons of 5% pa. Which of the following statements is true about the bonds' prices?

A bond maturing in 10 years has a coupon rate of 4% pa, paid semi-annually. The bond's yield is currently 6% pa. The face value of the bond is $100. What is its price? A three year bond has a face value of$100, a yield of 6% and a fixed coupon rate of 12%, paid semi-annually. What is its price?

A four year bond has a face value of $100, a yield of 6% and a fixed coupon rate of 12%, paid semi-annually. What is its price? A five year bond has a face value of$100, a yield of 12% and a fixed coupon rate of 6%, paid semi-annually.

What is the bond's price?

A four year bond has a face value of $100, a yield of 9% and a fixed coupon rate of 6%, paid semi-annually. What is its price? In these tough economic times, central banks around the world have cut interest rates so low that they are practically zero. In some countries, government bond yields are also very close to zero. A three year government bond with a face value of$100 and a coupon rate of 2% pa paid semi-annually was just issued at a yield of 0%. What is the price of the bond?

A 10 year bond has a face value of $100, a yield of 6% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 8% pa, paid semi-annually. What is its price? Bonds X and Y are issued by the same company. Both bonds yield 10% pa, and they have the same face value ($100), maturity, seniority, and payment frequency.

The only difference is that bond X pays coupons of 6% pa and bond Y pays coupons of 8% pa. Which of the following statements is true?

Below are some statements about loans and bonds. The first descriptive sentence is correct. But one of the second sentences about the loans' or bonds' prices is not correct. Which statement is NOT correct? Assume that interest rates are positive.

Note that coupons or interest payments are the periodic payments made throughout a bond or loan's life. The face or par value of a bond or loan is the amount paid at the end when the debt matures.

Calculate the price of a newly issued ten year bond with a face value of $100, a yield of 8% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 6% pa, paid annually. So there's only one coupon per year, paid in arrears every year. Calculate the price of a newly issued ten year bond with a face value of$100, a yield of 8% pa and a fixed coupon rate of 6% pa, paid semi-annually. So there are two coupons per year, paid in arrears every six months.

A share just paid its semi-annual dividend of $10. The dividend is expected to grow at 2% every 6 months forever. This 2% growth rate is an effective 6 month rate. Therefore the next dividend will be$10.20 in six months. The required return of the stock is 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

What is the price of the share now?

Which of the following statements about effective rates and annualised percentage rates (APR's) is NOT correct?

Estimate the Chinese bank ICBC's share price using a backward-looking price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only. Note that the renminbi (RMB) is the Chinese currency, also known as the yuan (CNY).

• The 4 major Chinese banks ICBC, China Construction Bank (CCB), Bank of China (BOC) and Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) are comparable companies;
• ICBC 's historical earnings per share (EPS) is RMB 0.74;
• CCB's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.59;
• BOC 's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.78;
• ABC's backward-looking PE ratio is also 4.78;

Note: Figures sourced from Google Finance on 25 March 2014. Share prices are from the Shanghai stock exchange.

Which of the following companies is most suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

A firm has 1 million shares which trade at a price of $30 each. The firm is expected to announce earnings of$3 million at the end of the year and pay an annual dividend of $1.50 per share. What is the firm's (forward looking) price/earnings (PE) ratio? The below screenshot of Commonwealth Bank of Australia's (CBA) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 7 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was CBA's backwards-looking price-earnings ratio? The below screenshot of Microsoft's (MSFT) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 28 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out. What was MSFT's backwards-looking price-earnings ratio? A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university or not. The young lady's parents say that she must attend university because otherwise all of her hard work studying and attending school during her childhood was a waste. What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to decide whether to attend university? The hard work studying at school in her childhood should be classified as: A young lady is trying to decide if she should attend university. Her friends say that she should go to university because she is more likely to meet a clever young man than if she begins full time work straight away. What's the correct way to classify this item from a capital budgeting perspective when trying to find the Net Present Value of going to university rather than working? The opportunity to meet a desirable future spouse should be classified as: A man has taken a day off from his casual painting job to relax. It's the end of the day and he's thinking about the hours that he could have spent working (in the past) which are now: The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project?  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 0 2 121

The phone company Telstra have 2 mobile service plans on offer which both have the same amount of phone call, text message and internet data credit. Both plans have a contract length of 24 months and the monthly cost is payable in advance. The only difference between the two plans is that one is a:

• 'Bring Your Own' (BYO) mobile service plan, costing $50 per month. There is no phone included in this plan. The other plan is a: • 'Bundled' mobile service plan that comes with the latest smart phone, costing$71 per month. This plan includes the latest smart phone.

Neither plan has any additional payments at the start or end.

The only difference between the plans is the phone, so what is the implied cost of the phone as a present value?

Assume that the discount rate is 2% per month given as an effective monthly rate, the same high interest rate on credit cards.

The required return of a project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time.

What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project?

 Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 11 2 121 In Germany, nominal yields on semi-annual coupon paying Government Bonds with 2 years until maturity are currently 0.04% pa. The inflation rate is currently 1.4% pa, given as an APR compounding per quarter. The inflation rate is not expected to change over the next 2 years. What is the real yield on these bonds, given as an APR compounding every 6 months? What is the NPV of the following series of cash flows when the discount rate is 10% given as an effective annual rate? The first payment of$90 is in 3 years, followed by payments every 6 months in perpetuity after that which shrink by 3% every 6 months. That is, the growth rate every 6 months is actually negative 3%, given as an effective 6 month rate. So the payment at $t=3.5$ years will be $90(1-0.03)^1=87.3$, and so on.

You just signed up for a 30 year fully amortising mortgage loan with monthly payments of $2,000 per month. The interest rate is 9% pa which is not expected to change. How much did you borrow? After 5 years, how much will be owing on the mortgage? The interest rate is still 9% and is not expected to change. You are promised 20 payments of$100, where the first payment is immediate (t=0) and the last is at the end of the 19th year (t=19). The effective annual discount rate is $r$.

Which of the following equations does NOT give the correct present value of these 20 payments?

A student just won the lottery. She won $1 million in cash after tax. She is trying to calculate how much she can spend per month for the rest of her life. She assumes that she will live for another 60 years. She wants to withdraw equal amounts at the beginning of every month, starting right now. All of the cash is currently sitting in a bank account which pays interest at a rate of 6% pa, given as an APR compounding per month. On her last withdrawal, she intends to have nothing left in her bank account. How much can she withdraw at the beginning of each month? You have$100,000 in the bank. The bank pays interest at 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

You wish to consume an equal amount now (t=0) and in one year (t=1) and have nothing left in the bank at the end.

How much can you consume at each time?

A firm wishes to raise $20 million now. They will issue 8% pa semi-annual coupon bonds that will mature in 5 years and have a face value of$100 each. Bond yields are 6% pa, given as an APR compounding every 6 months, and the yield curve is flat.

How many bonds should the firm issue?

A text book publisher is thinking of asking some teachers to write a new textbook at a cost of $100,000, payable now. The book would be written, printed and ready to sell to students in 2 years. It will be ready just before semester begins. A cash flow of$100 would be made from each book sold, after all costs such as printing and delivery. There are 600 students per semester. Assume that every student buys a new text book. Remember that there are 2 semesters per year and students buy text books at the beginning of the semester.

Assume that text book publishers will sell the books at the same price forever and that the number of students is constant.

If the discount rate is 8% pa, given as an effective annual rate, what is the NPV of the project?

A share was bought for $4 and paid an dividend of$0.50 one year later (at t=1 year).

Just after the dividend was paid, the share price fell to $3.50 (at t=1 year). What were the total return, capital return and income returns given as effective annual rates? The answer choices are given in the same order: $r_\text{total}$, $r_\text{capital}$, $r_\text{income}$ A share just paid its semi-annual dividend of$5. The dividend is expected to grow at 1% every 6 months forever. This 1% growth rate is an effective 6 month rate.

Therefore the next dividend will be $5.05 in six months. The required return of the stock 8% pa, given as an effective annual rate. What is the price of the share now? Diversification in a portfolio of two assets works best when the correlation between their returns is: A firm wishes to raise$10 million now. They will issue 6% pa semi-annual coupon bonds that will mature in 8 years and have a face value of $1,000 each. Bond yields are 10% pa, given as an APR compounding every 6 months, and the yield curve is flat. How many bonds should the firm issue? An investor bought two fixed-coupon bonds issued by the same company, a zero-coupon bond and a 7% pa semi-annual coupon bond. Both bonds have a face value of$1,000, mature in 10 years, and had a yield at the time of purchase of 8% pa.

A few years later, yields fell to 6% pa. Which of the following statements is correct? Note that a capital gain is an increase in price.

You just agreed to a 30 year fully amortising mortgage loan with monthly payments of $2,500. The interest rate is 9% pa which is not expected to change. How much did you borrow? After 10 years, how much will be owing on the mortgage? The interest rate is still 9% and is not expected to change. The below choices are given in the same order. You just signed up for a 30 year fully amortising mortgage with monthly payments of$1,000 per month. The interest rate is 6% pa which is not expected to change.

How much did you borrow? After 20 years, how much will be owing on the mortgage? The interest rate is still 6% and is not expected to change.

Your credit card shows a $600 debt liability. The interest rate is 24% pa, payable monthly. You can't pay any of the debt off, except in 6 months when it's your birthday and you'll receive$50 which you'll use to pay off the credit card. If that is your only repayment, how much will the credit card debt liability be one year from now?

A 90-day Bank Accepted Bill (BAB) has a face value of $1,000,000. The simple interest rate is 10% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What will be its price? A project has the following cash flows:  Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -400 1 0 2 500

The required return on the project is 10%, given as an effective annual rate.

What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of this project? The following choices are effective annual rates. Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time.

What is the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project detailed in the table below?

Assume that the cash flows shown in the table are paid all at once at the given point in time. All answers are given as effective annual rates.

 Project Cash Flows Time (yrs) Cash flow ($) 0 -100 1 0 2 121 You want to buy an apartment worth$500,000. You have saved a deposit of $50,000. The bank has agreed to lend you the$450,000 as a fully amortising mortgage loan with a term of 25 years. The interest rate is 6% pa and is not expected to change.

What will be your monthly payments?

Carlos and Edwin are brothers and they both love Holden Commodore cars.

Carlos likes to buy the latest Holden Commodore car for $40,000 every 4 years as soon as the new model is released. As soon as he buys the new car, he sells the old one on the second hand car market for$20,000. Carlos never has to bother with paying for repairs since his cars are brand new.

Edwin also likes Commodores, but prefers to buy 4-year old cars for $20,000 and keep them for 11 years until the end of their life (new ones last for 15 years in total but the 4-year old ones only last for another 11 years). Then he sells the old car for$2,000 and buys another 4-year old second hand car, and so on.

Every time Edwin buys a second hand 4 year old car he immediately has to spend $1,000 on repairs, and then$1,000 every year after that for the next 10 years. So there are 11 payments in total from when the second hand car is bought at t=0 to the last payment at t=10. One year later (t=11) the old car is at the end of its total 15 year life and can be scrapped for $2,000. Assuming that Carlos and Edwin maintain their love of Commodores and keep up their habits of buying new ones and second hand ones respectively, how much larger is Carlos' equivalent annual cost of car ownership compared with Edwin's? The real discount rate is 10% pa. All cash flows are real and are expected to remain constant. Inflation is forecast to be 3% pa. All rates are effective annual. Ignore capital gains tax and tax savings from depreciation since cars are tax-exempt for individuals. Details of two different types of light bulbs are given below: • Low-energy light bulbs cost$3.50, have a life of nine years, and use about $1.60 of electricity a year, paid at the end of each year. • Conventional light bulbs cost only$0.50, but last only about a year and use about $6.60 of energy a year, paid at the end of each year. The real discount rate is 5%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that all cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% given as an effective annual rate. Find the Equivalent Annual Cost (EAC) of the low-energy and conventional light bulbs. The below choices are listed in that order. An industrial chicken farmer grows chickens for their meat. Chickens: 1. Cost$0.50 each to buy as chicks. They are bought on the day they’re born, at t=0.
2. Grow at a rate of $0.70 worth of meat per chicken per week for the first 6 weeks (t=0 to t=6). 3. Grow at a rate of$0.40 worth of meat per chicken per week for the next 4 weeks (t=6 to t=10) since they’re older and grow more slowly.
4. Feed costs are $0.30 per chicken per week for their whole life. Chicken feed is bought and fed to the chickens once per week at the beginning of the week. So the first amount of feed bought for a chicken at t=0 costs$0.30, and so on.
5. Can be slaughtered (killed for their meat) and sold at no cost at the end of the week. The price received for the chicken is their total value of meat (note that the chicken grows fast then slow, see above).

The required return of the chicken farm is 0.5% given as an effective weekly rate.

Ignore taxes and the fixed costs of the factory. Ignore the chicken’s welfare and other environmental and ethical concerns.

Find the equivalent weekly cash flow of slaughtering a chicken at 6 weeks and at 10 weeks so the farmer can figure out the best time to slaughter his chickens. The choices below are given in the same order, 6 and 10 weeks.

You're advising your superstar client 40-cent who is weighing up buying a private jet or a luxury yacht. 40-cent is just as happy with either, but he wants to go with the more cost-effective option. These are the cash flows of the two options:

• The private jet can be bought for $6m now, which will cost$12,000 per month in fuel, piloting and airport costs, payable at the end of each month. The jet will last for 12 years.
• Or the luxury yacht can be bought for $4m now, which will cost$20,000 per month in fuel, crew and berthing costs, payable at the end of each month. The yacht will last for 20 years.

What's unusual about 40-cent is that he is so famous that he will actually be able to sell his jet or yacht for the same price as it was bought since the next generation of superstar musicians will buy it from him as a status symbol.

Bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. You can assume that 40-cent will live for another 60 years and that when the jet or yacht's life is at an end, he will buy a new one with the same details as above.

Note that the effective monthly rate is $r_\text{eff monthly}=(1+0.1)^{1/12}-1=0.00797414$

You're about to buy a car. These are the cash flows of the two different cars that you can buy:

• You can buy an old car for $5,000 now, for which you will have to buy$90 of fuel at the end of each week from the date of purchase. The old car will last for 3 years, at which point you will sell the old car for $500. • Or you can buy a new car for$14,000 now for which you will have to buy $50 of fuel at the end of each week from the date of purchase. The new car will last for 4 years, at which point you will sell the new car for$1,000.

Bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that there are exactly 52 weeks in a year. Ignore taxes and environmental and pollution factors.

Should you buy the or the ?

Details of two different types of desserts or edible treats are given below:

• High-sugar treats like candy, chocolate and ice cream make a person very happy. High sugar treats are cheap at only $2 per day. • Low-sugar treats like nuts, cheese and fruit make a person equally happy if these foods are of high quality. Low sugar treats are more expensive at$4 per day.

The advantage of low-sugar treats is that a person only needs to pay the dentist $2,000 for fillings and root canal therapy once every 15 years. Whereas with high-sugar treats, that treatment needs to be done every 5 years. The real discount rate is 10%, given as an effective annual rate. Assume that there are 365 days in every year and that all cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% given as an effective annual rate. Find the equivalent annual cash flow (EAC) of the high-sugar treats and low-sugar treats, including dental costs. The below choices are listed in that order. Ignore the pain of dental therapy, personal preferences and other factors. You own a nice suit which you wear once per week on nights out. You bought it one year ago for$600. In your experience, suits used once per week last for 6 years. So you expect yours to last for another 5 years.

Your younger brother said that retro is back in style so he wants to wants to borrow your suit once a week when he goes out. With the increased use, your suit will only last for another 4 years rather than 5.

What is the present value of the cost of letting your brother use your current suit for the next 4 years?

Assume: that bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate; you will buy a new suit when your current one wears out and your brother will not use the new one; your brother will only use your current suit so he will only use it for the next four years; and the price of a new suit never changes.

You own some nice shoes which you use once per week on date nights. You bought them 2 years ago for $500. In your experience, shoes used once per week last for 6 years. So you expect yours to last for another 4 years. Your younger sister said that she wants to borrow your shoes once per week. With the increased use, your shoes will only last for another 2 years rather than 4. What is the present value of the cost of letting your sister use your current shoes for the next 2 years? Assume: that bank interest rates are 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate; you will buy a new pair of shoes when your current pair wears out and your sister will not use the new ones; your sister will only use your current shoes so she will only use it for the next 2 years; and the price of new shoes never changes. A low-quality second-hand car can be bought now for$1,000 and will last for 1 year before it will be scrapped for nothing.

A high-quality second-hand car can be bought now for $4,900 and it will last for 5 years before it will be scrapped for nothing. What is the equivalent annual cost of each car? Assume a discount rate of 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate. The answer choices are given as the equivalent annual cost of the low-quality car and then the high quality car. You have$100,000 in the bank. The bank pays interest at 10% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

You wish to consume an equal amount now (t=0), in one year (t=1) and in two years (t=2), and still have $50,000 in the bank after that (t=2). How much can you consume at each time? Your neighbour asks you for a loan of$100 and offers to pay you back $120 in one year. You don't actually have any money right now, but you can borrow and lend from the bank at a rate of 10% pa. Rates are given as effective annual rates. Assume that your neighbour will definitely pay you back. Ignore interest tax shields and transaction costs. The Net Present Value (NPV) of lending to your neighbour is$9.09. Describe what you would do to actually receive a $9.09 cash flow right now with zero net cash flows in the future. You own an apartment which you rent out as an investment property. What is the price of the apartment using discounted cash flow (DCF, same as NPV) valuation? Assume that: • You just signed a contract to rent the apartment out to a tenant for the next 12 months at$2,000 per month, payable in advance (at the start of the month, t=0). The tenant is just about to pay you the first $2,000 payment. • The contract states that monthly rental payments are fixed for 12 months. After the contract ends, you plan to sign another contract but with rental payment increases of 3%. You intend to do this every year. So rental payments will increase at the start of the 13th month (t=12) to be$2,060 (=2,000(1+0.03)), and then they will be constant for the next 12 months.
Rental payments will increase again at the start of the 25th month (t=24) to be $2,121.80 (=2,000(1+0.03)2), and then they will be constant for the next 12 months until the next year, and so on. • The required return of the apartment is 8.732% pa, given as an effective annual rate. • Ignore all taxes, maintenance, real estate agent, council and strata fees, periods of vacancy and other costs. Assume that the apartment will last forever and so will the rental payments. A 180-day Bank Accepted Bill has a face value of$1,000,000. The interest rate is 8% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What will be its price?

A 30-day Bank Accepted Bill has a face value of $1,000,000. The interest rate is 8% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What will be its price? A 90-day Bank Accepted Bill has a face value of$1,000,000. The interest rate is 6% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What is its price?

A 60-day Bank Accepted Bill has a face value of $1,000,000. The interest rate is 8% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What will be its price? A 30-day Bank Accepted Bill has a face value of$1,000,000. The interest rate is 2.5% pa and there are 365 days in the year. What will be its price?

On 27/09/13, three month Swiss government bills traded at a yield of -0.2%, given as a simple annual yield. That is, interest rates were negative.

If the face value of one of these 90 day bills is CHF1,000,000 (CHF represents Swiss Francs, the Swiss currency), what is the price of one of these bills?

A three year corporate bond yields 12% pa with a coupon rate of 10% pa, paid semi-annually.

Find the effective six month yield, effective annual yield and the effective daily yield. Assume that each month has 30 days and that there are 360 days in a year.

All answers are given in the same order:

$r_\text{eff semi-annual}$, $r_\text{eff yearly}$, $r_\text{eff daily}$.

You want to buy an apartment priced at $500,000. You have saved a deposit of$50,000. The bank has agreed to lend you the $450,000 as a fully amortising loan with a term of 30 years. The interest rate is 6% pa and is not expected to change. What will be your monthly payments? A 2 year government bond yields 5% pa with a coupon rate of 6% pa, paid semi-annually. Find the effective six month rate, effective annual rate and the effective daily rate. Assume that each month has 30 days and that there are 360 days in a year. All answers are given in the same order: $r_\text{eff semi-annual}$, $r_\text{eff yrly}$, $r_\text{eff daily}$. You just signed up for a 30 year fully amortising mortgage loan with monthly payments of$1,500 per month. The interest rate is 9% pa which is not expected to change.

How much did you borrow? After 10 years, how much will be owing on the mortgage? The interest rate is still 9% and is not expected to change.

A 2 year corporate bond yields 3% pa with a coupon rate of 5% pa, paid semi-annually.

Find the effective monthly rate, effective six month rate, and effective annual rate.

$r_\text{eff monthly}$, $r_\text{eff 6 month}$, $r_\text{eff annual}$.

You want to buy a house priced at $400,000. You have saved a deposit of$40,000. The bank has agreed to lend you $360,000 as a fully amortising loan with a term of 30 years. The interest rate is 8% pa payable monthly and is not expected to change. What will be your monthly payments? The following equation is the Dividend Discount Model, also known as the 'Gordon Growth Model' or the 'Perpetuity with growth' equation. $$p_0=\frac{d_1}{r_\text{eff}-g_\text{eff}}$$ Which expression is NOT equal to the expected capital return? A stock pays annual dividends. It just paid a dividend of$3. The growth rate in the dividend is 4% pa. You estimate that the stock's required return is 10% pa. Both the discount rate and growth rate are given as effective annual rates. Using the dividend discount model, what will be the share price?

A stock is expected to pay the following dividends:

 Cash Flows of a Stock Time (yrs) 0 1 2 3 4 ... Dividend ($) 8 8 8 20 8 ... After year 4, the dividend will grow in perpetuity at 4% pa. The required return on the stock is 10% pa. Both the growth rate and required return are given as effective annual rates. What is the current price of the stock? Here are the Net Income (NI) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) equations: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ What is the formula for calculating annual interest expense (IntExp) which is used in the equations above? Select one of the following answers. Note that D is the value of debt which is constant through time, and $r_D$ is the cost of debt. Find Candys Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Candys Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 200 COGS 50 Operating expense 10 Depreciation 20 Interest expense 10 Income before tax 110 Tax at 30% 33 Net income 77
 Candys Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Assets Current assets 220 180 PPE Cost 300 340 Accumul. depr. 60 40 Carrying amount 240 300 Total assets 460 480 Liabilities Current liabilities 175 190 Non-current liabilities 135 130 Owners' equity Retained earnings 50 60 Contributed equity 100 100 Total L and OE 460 480

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). Why is Capital Expenditure (CapEx) subtracted in the Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) formula? $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \Delta NWC+IntExp$$ Find Trademark Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Trademark Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 100 COGS 25 Operating expense 5 Depreciation 20 Interest expense 20 Income before tax 30 Tax at 30% 9 Net income 21
 Trademark Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Assets Current assets 120 80 PPE Cost 150 140 Accumul. depr. 60 40 Carrying amount 90 100 Total assets 210 180 Liabilities Current liabilities 75 65 Non-current liabilities 75 55 Owners' equity Retained earnings 10 10 Contributed equity 50 50 Total L and OE 210 180

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). Find UniBar Corp's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  UniBar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 80 COGS 40 Operating expense 15 Depreciation 10 Interest expense 5 Income before tax 10 Tax at 30% 3 Net income 7
 UniBar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Assets Current assets 120 90 PPE Cost 360 320 Accumul. depr. 40 30 Carrying amount 320 290 Total assets 440 380 Liabilities Current liabilities 110 60 Non-current liabilities 190 180 Owners' equity Retained earnings 95 95 Contributed equity 45 45 Total L and OE 440 380

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). Find Piano Bar's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Piano Bar Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 310 COGS 185 Operating expense 20 Depreciation 15 Interest expense 10 Income before tax 80 Tax at 30% 24 Net income 56
 Piano Bar Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Assets Current assets 240 230 PPE Cost 420 400 Accumul. depr. 50 35 Carrying amount 370 365 Total assets 610 595 Liabilities Current liabilities 180 190 Non-current liabilities 290 265 Owners' equity Retained earnings 90 90 Contributed equity 50 50 Total L and OE 610 595

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). Which one of the following will increase the Cash Flow From Assets in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) can be defined as: A firm has forecast its Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) for this year and management is worried that it is too low. Which one of the following actions will lead to a higher CFFA for this year (t=0 to 1)? Only consider cash flows this year. Do not consider cash flows after one year, or the change in the NPV of the firm. Consider each action in isolation. Find World Bar's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  World Bar Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 300 COGS 150 Operating expense 50 Depreciation 40 Interest expense 10 Taxable income 50 Tax at 30% 15 Net income 35
 World Bar Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Assets Current assets 200 230 PPE Cost 400 400 Accumul. depr. 75 35 Carrying amount 325 365 Total assets 525 595 Liabilities Current liabilities 150 205 Non-current liabilities 235 250 Owners' equity Retained earnings 100 100 Contributed equity 40 40 Total L and OE 525 595

Note: all figures above and below are given in millions of dollars ($m). A company increases the proportion of debt funding it uses to finance its assets by issuing bonds and using the cash to repurchase stock, leaving assets unchanged. Ignoring the costs of financial distress, which of the following statements is NOT correct: Find Scubar Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Scubar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 200 COGS 60 Depreciation 20 Rent expense 11 Interest expense 19 Taxable Income 90 Taxes at 30% 27 Net income 63
 Scubar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Inventory 60 50 Trade debtors 19 6 Rent paid in advance 3 2 PPE 420 400 Total assets 502 458 Trade creditors 10 8 Bond liabilities 200 190 Contributed equity 130 130 Retained profits 162 130 Total L and OE 502 458

Note: All figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). The cash flow from assets was: Which one of the following will decrease net income (NI) but increase cash flow from assets (CFFA) in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Remember: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - ΔNWC+IntExp$$ Which one of the following will decrease net income (NI) but increase cash flow from assets (CFFA) in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Remember: $$NI = (Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \Delta NWC+IntExp$$ Find Sidebar Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Sidebar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 405 COGS 100 Depreciation 34 Rent expense 22 Interest expense 39 Taxable Income 210 Taxes at 30% 63 Net income 147
 Sidebar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Inventory 70 50 Trade debtors 11 16 Rent paid in advance 4 3 PPE 700 680 Total assets 785 749 Trade creditors 11 19 Bond liabilities 400 390 Contributed equity 220 220 Retained profits 154 120 Total L and OE 785 749

Note: All figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). The cash flow from assets was: Which one of the following will have no effect on net income (NI) but decrease cash flow from assets (CFFA or FFCF) in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant? Remember: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - ΔNWC+IntExp$$ Find Ching-A-Lings Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.  Ching-A-Lings Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2013$m Sales 100 COGS 20 Depreciation 20 Rent expense 11 Interest expense 19 Taxable Income 30 Taxes at 30% 9 Net income 21
 Ching-A-Lings Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2013 2012 $m$m Inventory 49 38 Trade debtors 14 2 Rent paid in advance 5 5 PPE 400 400 Total assets 468 445 Trade creditors 4 10 Bond liabilities 200 190 Contributed equity 145 145 Retained profits 119 100 Total L and OE 468 445

Note: All figures are given in millions of dollars (m). The cash flow from assets was: A method commonly seen in textbooks for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is the following: \begin{aligned} FFCF &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp)(1-t_c) + \\ &\space\space\space+ Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp(1-t_c) \\ \end{aligned} Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield? One formula for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to use earnings before interest and tax (EBIT). \begin{aligned} FFCF &= (EBIT)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp.t_c \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp.t_c \\ \end{aligned} \\ Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield? One method for calculating a firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to ignore interest expense. That is, pretend that interest expense $(IntExp)$ is zero: \begin{aligned} FFCF &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - 0)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC - 0\\ \end{aligned} Does this annual FFCF with zero interest expense or the annual interest tax shield? One formula for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to use net operating profit after tax (NOPAT). \begin{aligned} FFCF &= NOPAT + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ \end{aligned} \\ Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield? There are many ways to calculate a firm's free cash flow (FFCF), also called cash flow from assets (CFFA). One method is to use the following formulas to transform net income (NI) into FFCF including interest and depreciation tax shields: $$FFCF=NI + Depr - CapEx -ΔNWC + IntExp$$ $$NI=(Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp).(1-t_c )$$ Another popular method is to use EBITDA rather than net income. EBITDA is defined as: $$EBITDA=Rev - COGS - FC$$ One of the below formulas correctly calculates FFCF from EBITDA, including interest and depreciation tax shields, giving an identical answer to that above. Which formula is correct? Read the following financial statements and calculate the firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year.  UBar Corp Income Statement for year ending 30th June 2014m Sales 293 COGS 200 Rent expense 15 Gas expense 8 Depreciation 10 EBIT 60 Interest expense 0 Taxable income 60 Taxes 18 Net income 42
 UBar Corp Balance Sheet as at 30th June 2014 2013 $m$m Assets Cash 30 29 Accounts receivable 5 7 Pre-paid rent expense 1 0 Inventory 50 46 PPE 290 300 Total assets 376 382 Liabilities Trade payables 20 18 Accrued gas expense 3 2 Non-current liabilities 0 0 Contributed equity 212 212 Retained profits 136 150 Asset revaluation reserve 5 0 Total L and OE 376 382

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m). The firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year was: Value the following business project to manufacture a new product.  Project Data Project life 2 yrs Initial investment in equipment$6m Depreciation of equipment per year $3m Expected sale price of equipment at end of project$0.6m Unit sales per year 4m Sale price per unit $8 Variable cost per unit$5 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year $1m Interest expense per year 0 Tax rate 30% Weighted average cost of capital after tax per annum 10% Notes 1. The firm's current assets and current liabilities are$3m and $2m respectively right now. This net working capital will not be used in this project, it will be used in other unrelated projects. Due to the project, current assets (mostly inventory) will grow by$2m initially (at t = 0), and then by $0.2m at the end of the first year (t=1). Current liabilities (mostly trade creditors) will increase by$0.1m at the end of the first year (t=1).
At the end of the project, the net working capital accumulated due to the project can be sold for the same price that it was bought.
2. The project cost $0.5m to research which was incurred one year ago. Assumptions • All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year. • All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% pa. • All rates are given as effective annual rates. • The business considering the project is run as a 'sole tradership' (run by an individual without a company) and is therefore eligible for a 50% capital gains tax discount when the equipment is sold, as permitted by the Australian Tax Office. What is the expected net present value (NPV) of the project? A manufacturing company is considering a new project in the more risky services industry. The cash flows from assets (CFFA) are estimated for the new project, with interest expense excluded from the calculations. To get the levered value of the project, what should these unlevered cash flows be discounted by? Assume that the manufacturing firm has a target debt-to-assets ratio that it sticks to. Which statement about risk, required return and capital structure is the most correct? A company issues a large amount of bonds to raise money for new projects of similar risk to the company's existing projects. The net present value (NPV) of the new projects is positive but small. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is NOT correct? A firm is considering a new project of similar risk to the current risk of the firm. This project will expand its existing business. The cash flows of the project have been calculated assuming that there is no interest expense. In other words, the cash flows assume that the project is all-equity financed. In fact the firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio of 1, so the project will be financed with 50% debt and 50% equity. To find the levered value of the firm's assets, what discount rate should be applied to the project's unlevered cash flows? Assume a classical tax system. A retail furniture company buys furniture wholesale and distributes it through its retail stores. The owner believes that she has some good ideas for making stylish new furniture. She is considering a project to buy a factory and employ workers to manufacture the new furniture she's designed. Furniture manufacturing has more systematic risk than furniture retailing. Her furniture retailing firm's after-tax WACC is 20%. Furniture manufacturing firms have an after-tax WACC of 30%. Both firms are optimally geared. Assume a classical tax system. Which method(s) will give the correct valuation of the new furniture-making project? Select the most correct answer. A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 50%. The firm then issues a large amount of equity to raise money for new projects of similar systematic risk to the company's existing projects. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is correct? The US firm Google operates in the online advertising business. In 2011 Google bought Motorola Mobility which manufactures mobile phones. Assume the following: • Google had a 10% after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) before it bought Motorola. • Motorola had a 20% after-tax WACC before it merged with Google. • Google and Motorola have the same level of gearing. • Both companies operate in a classical tax system. You are a manager at Motorola. You must value a project for making mobile phones. Which method(s) will give the correct valuation of the mobile phone manufacturing project? Select the most correct answer. The mobile phone manufacturing project's: A firm's WACC before tax would decrease due to: A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 50%. The firm then issues a large amount of debt to raise money for new projects of similar risk to the company's existing projects. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is correct? Which of the following discount rates should be the highest for a levered company? Ignore the costs of financial distress. A firm plans to issue equity and use the cash raised to pay off its debt. No assets will be bought or sold. Ignore the costs of financial distress. Which of the following statements is NOT correct, all things remaining equal? Issuing debt doesn't give away control of the firm because debt holders can't cast votes to determine the company's affairs, such as at the annual general meeting (AGM), and can't appoint directors to the board. or ? Companies must pay debt holders the interest and principal payments that they promise. But companies do not promise to pay dividends to share holders, dividends are only paid if the company can afford them. or ? Your friend just bought a house for$400,000. He financed it using a $320,000 mortgage loan and a deposit of$80,000.

In the context of residential housing and mortgages, the 'equity' tied up in the value of a person's house is the value of the house less the value of the mortgage. So the initial equity your friend has in his house is $80,000. Let this amount be E, let the value of the mortgage be D and the value of the house be V. So $V=D+E$. If house prices suddenly fall by 10%, what would be your friend's percentage change in equity (E)? Assume that the value of the mortgage is unchanged and that no income (rent) was received from the house during the short time over which house prices fell. Remember: $$r_{0\rightarrow1}=\frac{p_1-p_0+c_1}{p_0}$$ where $r_{0-1}$ is the return (percentage change) of an asset with price $p_0$ initially, $p_1$ one period later, and paying a cash flow of $c_1$ at time $t=1$. Your friend just bought a house for$1,000,000. He financed it using a $900,000 mortgage loan and a deposit of$100,000.

In the context of residential housing and mortgages, the 'equity' or 'net wealth' tied up in a house is the value of the house less the value of the mortgage loan. Assuming that your friend's only asset is his house, his net wealth is $100,000. If house prices suddenly fall by 15%, what would be your friend's percentage change in net wealth? Assume that: • No income (rent) was received from the house during the short time over which house prices fell. • Your friend will not declare bankruptcy, he will always pay off his debts. One year ago you bought$100,000 of shares partly funded using a margin loan. The margin loan size was $70,000 and the other$30,000 was your own wealth or 'equity' in the share assets.

The interest rate on the margin loan was 7.84% pa.

Over the year, the shares produced a dividend yield of 4% pa and a capital gain of 5% pa.

What was the total return on your wealth? Ignore taxes, assume that all cash flows (interest payments and dividends) were paid and received at the end of the year, and all rates above are effective annual rates.

Hint: Remember that wealth in this context is your equity (E) in the house asset (V = D+E) which is funded by the loan (D) and your deposit or equity (E).

Interest expense (IntExp) is an important part of a company's income statement (or 'profit and loss' or 'statement of financial performance').

How does an accountant calculate the annual interest expense of a fixed-coupon bond that has a liquid secondary market? Select the most correct answer:

Annual interest expense is equal to:

 Project Data Project life 2 yrs Initial investment in equipment $600k Depreciation of equipment per year$250k Expected sale price of equipment at end of project $200k Revenue per job$12k Variable cost per job $4k Quantity of jobs per year 120 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year$100k Interest expense in first year (at t=1) $16.091k Interest expense in second year (at t=2)$9.711k Tax rate 30% Government treasury bond yield 5% Bank loan debt yield 6% Levered cost of equity 12.5% Market portfolio return 10% Beta of assets 1.24 Beta of levered equity 1.5 Firm's and project's debt-to-equity ratio 25%

Notes

1. The project will require an immediate purchase of $50k of inventory, which will all be sold at cost when the project ends. Current liabilities are negligible so they can be ignored. Assumptions • The debt-to-equity ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio. Note that interest expense is different in each year. • Thousands are represented by 'k' (kilo). • All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year. • All rates and cash flows are nominal. The inflation rate is 2% pa. • All rates are given as effective annual rates. • The 50% capital gains tax discount is not available since the project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual. What is the net present value (NPV) of the project? What is the correlation of a variable X with a constant C? The corr(X, C) or $\rho_{X,C}$ equals: Which of the following statements about standard statistical mathematics notation is NOT correct? The following table shows a sample of historical total returns of shares in two different companies A and B.  Stock Returns Total effective annual returns Year $r_A$ $r_B$ 2007 0.2 0.4 2008 0.04 -0.2 2009 -0.1 -0.3 2010 0.18 0.5 What is the historical sample covariance ($\hat{\sigma}_{A,B}$) and correlation ($\rho_{A,B}$) of stock A and B's total effective annual returns? Stock A and B's returns have a correlation of 0.3. Which statement is NOT correct? All things remaining equal, the variance of a portfolio of two positively-weighted stocks rises as:  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation Dollars invested A 0.1 0.4 0.5 60 B 0.2 0.6 140 What is the expected return of the above portfolio?  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation $(\rho_{A,B})$ Dollars invested A 0.1 0.4 0.5 60 B 0.2 0.6 140 What is the standard deviation (not variance) of the above portfolio?  Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Covariance $(\sigma_{A,B})$ Beta Dollars invested A 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.5 40 B 0.3 0.8 1.5 80 What is the standard deviation (not variance) of the above portfolio? Note that the stocks' covariance is given, not correlation. You're the boss of an investment bank's equities research team. Your five analysts are each trying to find the expected total return over the next year of shares in a mining company. The mining firm: • Is regarded as a mature company since it's quite stable in size and was floated around 30 years ago. It is not a high-growth company; • Share price is very sensitive to changes in the price of the market portfolio, economic growth, the exchange rate and commodities prices. Due to this, its standard deviation of total returns is much higher than that of the market index; • Experienced tough times in the last 10 years due to unexpected falls in commodity prices. • Shares are traded in an active liquid market. Your team of analysts present their findings, and everyone has different views. While there's no definitive true answer, who's calculation of the expected total return is the most plausible? Assume that: • The analysts' source data is correct and true, but their inferences might be wrong; • All returns and yields are given as effective annual nominal rates. All things remaining equal, the higher the correlation of returns between two stocks: An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 6% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 5% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 10% pa. What portfolio weights should the investor have in stocks A and B respectively? An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 16% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 8% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 12% pa. What portfolio weights should the investor have in stocks A and B respectively? An investor wants to make a portfolio of two stocks A and B with a target expected portfolio return of 12% pa. • Stock A has an expected return of 10% pa and a standard deviation of 20% pa. • Stock B has an expected return of 15% pa and a standard deviation of 30% pa. The correlation coefficient between stock A and B's expected returns is 70%. What will be the annual standard deviation of the portfolio with this 12% pa target return? What is the covariance of a variable X with itself? The cov(X, X) or $\sigma_{X,X}$ equals: What is the correlation of a variable X with itself? The corr(X, X) or $\rho_{X,X}$ equals: What is the covariance of a variable X with a constant C? The cov(X, C) or $\sigma_{X,C}$ equals: The standard deviation and variance of a stock's annual returns are calculated over a number of years. The units of the returns are percent per annum $(\% pa)$. What are the units of the standard deviation $(\sigma)$ and variance $(\sigma^2)$ of returns respectively? Hint: Visit Wikipedia to understand the difference between percentage points $(\text{pp})$ and percent $(\%)$. The covariance and correlation of two stocks X and Y's annual returns are calculated over a number of years. The units of the returns are in percent per annum $(\% pa)$. What are the units of the covariance $(\sigma_{X,Y})$ and correlation $(\rho_{X,Y})$ of returns respectively? Hint: Visit Wikipedia to understand the difference between percentage points $(\text{pp})$ and percent $(\%)$. You just bought a house worth$1,000,000. You financed it with an $800,000 mortgage loan and a deposit of$200,000.

You estimate that:

• The house has a beta of 1;
• The mortgage loan has a beta of 0.2.

What is the beta of the equity (the $200,000 deposit) that you have in your house? Also, if the risk free rate is 5% pa and the market portfolio's return is 10% pa, what is the expected return on equity in your house? Ignore taxes, assume that all cash flows (interest payments and rent) were paid and received at the end of the year, and all rates are effective annual rates. Diversification is achieved by investing in a large amount of stocks. What type of risk is reduced by diversification? According to the theory of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), total variance can be broken into two components, systematic variance and idiosyncratic variance. Which of the following events would be considered the most diversifiable according to the theory of the CAPM? According to the theory of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), total risk can be broken into two components, systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk. Which of the following events would be considered a systematic, undiversifiable event according to the theory of the CAPM? Treasury bonds currently have a return of 5% pa. A stock has a beta of 0.5 and the market return is 10% pa. What is the expected return of the stock? A stock has a beta of 0.5. Its next dividend is expected to be$3, paid one year from now. Dividends are expected to be paid annually and grow by 2% pa forever. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. All returns are effective annual rates.

What is the price of the stock now?

Examine the following graph which shows stocks' betas $(\beta)$ and expected returns $(\mu)$:

Assume that the CAPM holds and that future expectations of stocks' returns and betas are correctly measured. Which statement is NOT correct?

The security market line (SML) shows the relationship between beta and expected return.

Investment projects that plot above the SML would have:

 Portfolio Details Stock Expected return Standard deviation Correlation Beta Dollars invested A 0.2 0.4 0.12 0.5 40 B 0.3 0.8 1.5 80

What is the beta of the above portfolio?

Which statement is the most correct?

Which statement(s) are correct?

(i) All stocks that plot on the Security Market Line (SML) are fairly priced.

(ii) All stocks that plot above the Security Market Line (SML) are overpriced.

(iii) All fairly priced stocks that plot on the Capital Market Line (CML) have zero idiosyncratic risk.

Select the most correct response:

A firm changes its capital structure by issuing a large amount of debt and using the funds to repurchase shares. Its assets are unchanged. Ignore interest tax shields.

According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which statement is correct?

Which of the following statements about the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is NOT correct?

Question 121  capital structure, leverage, costs of financial distress, interest tax shield

Fill in the missing words in the following sentence:

All things remaining equal, as a firm's amount of debt funding falls, benefits of interest tax shields __________ and the costs of financial distress __________.

A fast-growing firm is suitable for valuation using a multi-stage growth model.

It's nominal unlevered cash flow from assets ($CFFA_U$) at the end of this year (t=1) is expected to be $1 million. After that it is expected to grow at a rate of: • 12% pa for the next two years (from t=1 to 3), • 5% over the fourth year (from t=3 to 4), and • -1% forever after that (from t=4 onwards). Note that this is a negative one percent growth rate. Assume that: • The nominal WACC after tax is 9.5% pa and is not expected to change. • The nominal WACC before tax is 10% pa and is not expected to change. • The firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio that it plans to maintain. • The inflation rate is 3% pa. • All rates are given as nominal effective annual rates. What is the levered value of this fast growing firm's assets? Question 99 capital structure, interest tax shield, Miller and Modigliani, trade off theory of capital structure A firm changes its capital structure by issuing a large amount of debt and using the funds to repurchase shares. Its assets are unchanged. Assume that: • The firm and individual investors can borrow at the same rate and have the same tax rates. • The firm's debt and shares are fairly priced and the shares are repurchased at the market price, not at a premium. • There are no market frictions relating to debt such as asymmetric information or transaction costs. • Shareholders wealth is measured in terms of utiliity. Shareholders are wealth-maximising and risk-averse. They have a preferred level of overall leverage. Before the firm's capital restructure all shareholders were optimally levered. According to Miller and Modigliani's theory, which statement is correct? Two risky stocks A and B comprise an equal-weighted portfolio. The correlation between the stocks' returns is 70%. If the variance of stock A increases but the: • Prices and expected returns of each stock stays the same, • Variance of stock B's returns stays the same, • Correlation of returns between the stocks stays the same. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Let the standard deviation of returns for a share per month be $\sigma_\text{monthly}$. What is the formula for the standard deviation of the share's returns per year $(\sigma_\text{yearly})$? Assume that returns are independently and identically distributed (iid) so they have zero auto correlation, meaning that if the return was higher than average today, it does not indicate that the return tomorrow will be higher or lower than average. A company selling charting and technical analysis software claims that independent academic studies have shown that its software makes significantly positive abnormal returns. Assuming the claim is true, which statement(s) are correct? (I) Weak form market efficiency is broken. (II) Semi-strong form market efficiency is broken. (III) Strong form market efficiency is broken. (IV) The asset pricing model used to measure the abnormal returns (such as the CAPM) had mis-specification error so the returns may not be abnormal but rather fair for the level of risk. Select the most correct response: Your friend claims that by reading 'The Economist' magazine's economic news articles, she can identify shares that will have positive abnormal expected returns over the next 2 years. Assuming that her claim is true, which statement(s) are correct? (i) Weak form market efficiency is broken. (ii) Semi-strong form market efficiency is broken. (iii) Strong form market efficiency is broken. (iv) The asset pricing model used to measure the abnormal returns (such as the CAPM) is either wrong (mis-specification error) or is measured using the wrong inputs (data errors) so the returns may not be abnormal but rather fair for the level of risk. Select the most correct response: Select the most correct statement from the following. 'Chartists', also known as 'technical traders', believe that: Fundamentalists who analyse company financial reports and news announcements (but who don't have inside information) will make positive abnormal returns if: Economic statistics released this morning were a surprise: they show a strong chance of consumer price inflation (CPI) reaching 5% pa over the next 2 years. This is much higher than the previous forecast of 3% pa. A vanilla fixed-coupon 2-year risk-free government bond was issued at par this morning, just before the economic news was released. What is the expected change in bond price after the economic news this morning, and in the next 2 years? Assume that: • Inflation remains at 5% over the next 2 years. • Investors demand a constant real bond yield. • The bond price falls by the (after-tax) value of the coupon the night before the ex-coupon date, as in real life. A person is thinking about borrowing$100 from the bank at 7% pa and investing it in shares with an expected return of 10% pa. One year later the person will sell the shares and pay back the loan in full. Both the loan and the shares are fairly priced.

What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of this one year investment? Note that you are asked to find the present value ($V_0$), not the value in one year ($V_1$).

A man inherits $500,000 worth of shares. He believes that by learning the secrets of trading, keeping up with the financial news and doing complex trend analysis with charts that he can quit his job and become a self-employed day trader in the equities markets. What is the expected gain from doing this over the first year? Measure the net gain in wealth received at the end of this first year due to the decision to become a day trader. Assume the following: • He earns$60,000 pa in his current job, paid in a lump sum at the end of each year.
• He enjoys examining share price graphs and day trading just as much as he enjoys his current job.
• Stock markets are weak form and semi-strong form efficient.
• He has no inside information.
• He makes 1 trade every day and there are 250 trading days in the year. Trading costs are $20 per trade. His broker invoices him for the trading costs at the end of the year. • The shares that he currently owns and the shares that he intends to trade have the same level of systematic risk as the market portfolio. • The market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. Measure the net gain over the first year as an expected wealth increase at the end of the year. A managed fund charges fees based on the amount of money that you keep with them. The fee is 2% of the start-of-year amount, but it is paid at the end of every year. This fee is charged regardless of whether the fund makes gains or losses on your money. The fund offers to invest your money in shares which have an expected return of 10% pa before fees. You are thinking of investing$100,000 in the fund and keeping it there for 40 years when you plan to retire.

What is the Net Present Value (NPV) of investing your money in the fund? Note that the question is not asking how much money you will have in 40 years, it is asking: what is the NPV of investing in the fund? Assume that:

• The fund has no private information.
• Markets are weak and semi-strong form efficient.
• The fund's transaction costs are negligible.
• The cost and trouble of investing your money in shares by yourself, without the managed fund, is negligible.

A residential real estate investor believes that house prices will grow at a rate of 5% pa and that rents will grow by 2% pa forever.

All rates are given as nominal effective annual returns. Assume that:

• His forecast is true.
• Real estate is and always will be fairly priced and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is true.
• Ignore all costs such as taxes, agent fees, maintenance and so on.
• All rental income cash flow is paid out to the owner, so there is no re-investment and therefore no additions or improvements made to the property.
• The non-monetary benefits of owning real estate and renting remain constant.

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct? Over time:

For certain shares, the forward-looking Price-Earnings Ratio ($P_0/EPS_1$) is equal to the inverse of the share's total expected return ($1/r_\text{total}$).

For what shares is this true?

Assume:

• The general accounting definition of 'payout ratio' which is dividends per share (DPS) divided by earnings per share (EPS).
• All cash flows, earnings and rates are real.

The average weekly earnings of an Australian adult worker before tax was $1,542.40 per week in November 2014 according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Therefore average annual earnings before tax were$80,204.80 assuming 52 weeks per year. Personal income tax rates published by the Australian Tax Office are reproduced for the 2014-2015 financial year in the table below:

Taxable income Tax on this income
0 – $18,200 Nil$18,201 – $37,000 19c for each$1 over $18,200$37,001 – $80,000$3,572 plus 32.5c for each $1 over$37,000
$80,001 –$180,000 $17,547 plus 37c for each$1 over $80,000$180,001 and over $54,547 plus 45c for each$1 over $180,000 The above rates do not include the Medicare levy of 2%. Exclude the Medicare levy from your calculations How much personal income tax would you have to pay per year if you earned$80,204.80 per annum before-tax?

A small private company has a single shareholder. This year the firm earned a $100 profit before tax. All of the firm's after tax profits will be paid out as dividends to the owner. The corporate tax rate is 30% and the sole shareholder's personal marginal tax rate is 45%. The Australian imputation tax system applies because the company generates all of its income in Australia and pays corporate tax to the Australian Tax Office. Therefore all of the company's dividends are fully franked. The sole shareholder is an Australian for tax purposes and can therefore use the franking credits to offset his personal income tax liability. What will be the personal tax payable by the shareholder and the corporate tax payable by the company? Question 449 personal tax on dividends, classical tax system A small private company has a single shareholder. This year the firm earned a$100 profit before tax. All of the firm's after tax profits will be paid out as dividends to the owner.

The corporate tax rate is 30% and the sole shareholder's personal marginal tax rate is 45%.

The United States' classical tax system applies because the company generates all of its income in the US and pays corporate tax to the Internal Revenue Service. The shareholder is also an American for tax purposes.

What will be the personal tax payable by the shareholder and the corporate tax payable by the company?

Question 513  stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, bonus issue, rights issue

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

A company's share price fell by 20% and its number of shares rose by 25%. Assume that there are no taxes, no signalling effects and no transaction costs.

Which one of the following corporate events may have happened?

Is it possible for all countries' exchange rates to appreciate by 5% in the same year? or ?

When someone says that they're "buying American dollars" (USD), what type of asset are they probably buying? They're probably buying:

An American wishes to convert USD 1 million to Australian dollars (AUD). The exchange rate is 0.8 USD per AUD. How much is the USD 1 million worth in AUD?

An Indonesian lady wishes to convert 1 million Indonesian rupiah (IDR) to Australian dollars (AUD). Exchange rates are 13,125 IDR per USD and 0.79 USD per AUD. How many AUD is the IDR 1 million worth?

If the AUD appreciates against the USD, the American terms quote of the AUD will or ?

If the USD appreciates against the AUD, the American terms quote of the AUD will or ?

If the current AUD exchange rate is USD 0.9686 = AUD 1, what is the European terms quote of the AUD against the USD?

If the AUD appreciates against the USD, the European terms quote of the AUD will or ?

If the USD appreciates against the AUD, the European terms quote of the AUD will or ?

How is the AUD normally quoted in Australia? Using or terms?

Investors expect the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to keep the policy rate steady at their next meeting.

Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will increase the policy rate by 25 basis points due to fears that the economy is growing too fast and that inflation will be above their target rate of 2 to 3 per cent.

What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar is likely to:

Investors expect the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to decrease the overnight cash rate at their next meeting.

Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will keep the policy rate unchanged.

What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar is likely to:

The market expects the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to increase the policy rate by 25 basis points at their next meeting.

Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will increase the policy rate by 50 basis points due to high future GDP and inflation forecasts.

What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar will:

The market expects the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to decrease the policy rate by 25 basis points at their next meeting.

Then unexpectedly, the RBA announce that they will decrease the policy rate by 50 basis points due to fears of a recession and deflation.

What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate? The Australian dollar will:

The market expects the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to increase the policy rate by 25 basis points at their next meeting.

As expected, the RBA increases the policy rate by 25 basis points.

What do you expect to happen to Australia's exchange rate in the short term? The Australian dollar will:

Suppose the Australian cash rate is expected to be 8.15% pa and the US federal funds rate is expected to be 3.00% pa over the next 2 years, both given as nominal effective annual rates. The current exchange rate is at parity, so 1 USD = 1 AUD.

What is the implied 2 year forward foreign exchange rate?

The Chinese government attempts to fix its exchange rate against the US dollar and at the same time use monetary policy to fix its interest rate at a set level.

To be able to fix its exchange rate and interest rate in this way, what does the Chinese government actually do?

1. Adopts capital controls to prevent financial arbitrage by private firms and individuals.
2. Adopts the same interest rate (monetary policy) as the United States.
3. Fixes inflation so that the domestic real interest rate is equal to the United States' real interest rate.

Which of the above statements is or are true?

You just signed up for a 30 year interest-only mortgage with monthly payments of $3,000 per month. The interest rate is 6% pa which is not expected to change. How much did you borrow? After 15 years, just after the 180th payment at that time, how much will be owing on the mortgage? The interest rate is still 6% and is not expected to change. Remember that the mortgage is interest-only and that mortgage payments are paid in arrears (at the end of the month). In the below term structure of interest rates equation, all rates are effective annual yields and the numbers in subscript represent the years that the yields are measured over: $$(1+r_{0-3})^3 = (1+r_{0-1})(1+r_{1-2})(1+r_{2-3})$$ Which of the following statements is NOT correct? In the below term structure of interest rates equation, all rates are effective annual yields and the numbers in subscript represent the years that the yields are measured over: $$(1+r_{0-3})^3 = (1+r_{0-1})(1+r_{1-2})(1+r_{2-3})$$ Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A European company just issued two bonds, a • 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and a • 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa. What is the company's forward rate over the second year (from t=1 to t=2)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted. A European company just issued two bonds, a • 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and a • 3 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa. What is the company's forward rate over the third year (from t=2 to t=3)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted. A European company just issued two bonds, a • 3 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 6% pa, and a • 4 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 6.5% pa. What is the company's forward rate over the fourth year (from t=3 to t=4)? Give your answer as an effective annual rate, which is how the above bond yields are quoted. An Australian company just issued two bonds: • A 6-month zero coupon bond at a yield of 6% pa, and • A 12 month zero coupon bond at a yield of 7% pa. What is the company's forward rate from 6 to 12 months? Give your answer as an APR compounding every 6 months, which is how the above bond yields are quoted. An Australian company just issued two bonds: • A 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa, and • A 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa. What is the forward rate on the company's debt from years 1 to 2? Give your answer as an APR compounding every 6 months, which is how the above bond yields are quoted. A three year project's NPV is negative. The cash flows of the project include a negative cash flow at the very start and positive cash flows over its short life. The required return of the project is 10% pa. Select the most correct statement. A stock is expected to pay the following dividends:  Cash Flows of a Stock Time (yrs) 0 1 2 3 4 ... Dividend ($) 0.00 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 ...

After year 4, the annual dividend will grow in perpetuity at -5% pa. Note that this is a negative growth rate, so the dividend will actually shrink. So,

• the dividend at t=5 will be $1(1-0.05) = 0.95$,
• the dividend at t=6 will be $1(1-0.05)^2 = 0.9025$, and so on.

The required return on the stock is 10% pa. Both the growth rate and required return are given as effective annual rates.

What is the current price of the stock?

A stock is expected to pay the following dividends:

 Cash Flows of a Stock Time (yrs) 0 1 2 3 4 ... Dividend ($) 0.00 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.00 ... After year 4, the annual dividend will grow in perpetuity at -5% pa. Note that this is a negative growth rate, so the dividend will actually shrink. So, • the dividend at t=5 will be $1(1-0.05) = 0.95$, • the dividend at t=6 will be $1(1-0.05)^2 = 0.9025$, and so on. The required return on the stock is 10% pa. Both the growth rate and required return are given as effective annual rates. What will be the price of the stock in four and a half years (t = 4.5)? You just borrowed$400,000 in the form of a 25 year interest-only mortgage with monthly payments of $3,000 per month. The interest rate is 9% pa which is not expected to change. You actually plan to pay more than the required interest payment. You plan to pay$3,300 in mortgage payments every month, which your mortgage lender allows. These extra payments will reduce the principal and the minimum interest payment required each month.

At the maturity of the mortgage, what will be the principal? That is, after the last (300th) interest payment of 3,300 in 25 years, how much will be owing on the mortgage? Question 65 annuity with growth Which of the below formulas gives the present value of an annuity with growth? Hint: The equation of a perpetuity without growth is: $$V_\text{0, perp without growth} = \frac{C_\text{1}}{r}$$ The formula for the present value of an annuity without growth is derived from the formula for a perpetuity without growth. The idea is than an annuity with T payments from t=1 to T inclusive is equivalent to a perpetuity starting at t=1 with fixed positive cash flows, plus a perpetuity starting T periods later (t=T+1) with fixed negative cash flows. The positive and negative cash flows after time period T cancel each other out, leaving the positive cash flows between t=1 to T, which is the annuity. \begin{aligned} V_\text{0, annuity} &= V_\text{0, perp without growth from t=1} - V_\text{0, perp without growth from t=T+1} \\ &= \dfrac{C_\text{1}}{r} - \dfrac{ \left( \dfrac{C_\text{T+1}}{r} \right) }{(1+r)^T} \\ &= \dfrac{C_\text{1}}{r} - \dfrac{ \left( \dfrac{C_\text{1}}{r} \right) }{(1+r)^T} \\ &= \dfrac{C_\text{1}}{r}\left(1 - \dfrac{1}{(1+r)^T}\right) \\ \end{aligned} The equation of a perpetuity with growth is: $$V_\text{0, perp with growth} = \dfrac{C_\text{1}}{r-g}$$ Government bonds currently have a return of 5% pa. A stock has an expected return of 6% pa and the market return is 7% pa. What is the beta of the stock? Due to floods overseas, there is a cut in the supply of the mineral iron ore and its price increases dramatically. An Australian iron ore mining company therefore expects a large but temporary increase in its profit and cash flows. The mining company does not have any positive NPV projects to begin, so what should it do? Select the most correct answer. Stock A has a beta of 0.5 and stock B has a beta of 1. Which statement is NOT correct? A firm's weighted average cost of capital before tax ($r_\text{WACC before tax}$) would increase due to: Government bonds currently have a return of 5%. A stock has a beta of 2 and the market return is 7%. What is the expected return of the stock? The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ For a firm with debt, what is the amount of the interest tax shield per year? A company has: • 140 million shares outstanding. • The market price of one share is currently2.
• The company's debentures are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 93% of the face value.
• The debentures have a total face value of $50,000,000 and the current yield to maturity of corporate debentures is 12% per annum. • The risk-free rate is 8.50% and the market return is 13.7%. • Market analysts estimated that the company's stock has a beta of 0.90. • The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the company's after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in a classical tax system? A firm can issue 3 year annual coupon bonds at a yield of 10% pa and a coupon rate of 8% pa. The beta of its levered equity is 2. The market's expected return is 10% pa and 3 year government bonds yield 6% pa with a coupon rate of 4% pa. The market value of equity is$1 million and the market value of debt is $1 million. The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the firm's after-tax WACC? Assume a classical tax system. A stock's correlation with the market portfolio increases while its total risk is unchanged. What will happen to the stock's expected return and systematic risk? The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are: $$NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)$$ $$CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp$$ For a firm with debt, what is the formula for the present value of interest tax shields if the tax shields occur in perpetuity? You may assume: • the value of debt (D) is constant through time, • The cost of debt and the yield on debt are equal and given by $r_D$. • the appropriate rate to discount interest tax shields is $r_D$. • $\text{IntExp}=D.r_D$ A company has: • 10 million common shares outstanding, each trading at a price of$90.
• 1 million preferred shares which have a face (or par) value of $100 and pay a constant dividend of 9% of par. They currently trade at a price of$120 each.
• Debentures that have a total face value of $60,000,000 and a yield to maturity of 6% per annum. They are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 90% of their face value. • The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%. • Market analysts estimate that the company's common stock has a beta of 1.2. The corporate tax rate is 30%. What is the company's after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system. An established mining firm announces that it expects large losses over the following year due to flooding which has temporarily stalled production at its mines. Which statement(s) are correct? (i) If the firm adheres to a full dividend payout policy it will not pay any dividends over the following year. (ii) If the firm wants to signal that the loss is temporary it will maintain the same level of dividends. It can do this so long as it has enough retained profits. (iii) By law, the firm will be unable to pay a dividend over the following year because it cannot pay a dividend when it makes a loss. Select the most correct response: Below are 4 option graphs. Note that the y-axis is payoff at maturity (T). What options do they depict? List them in the order that they are numbered. Assume that there exists a perfect world with no transaction costs, no asymmetric information, no taxes, no agency costs, equal borrowing rates for corporations and individual investors, the ability to short the risk free asset, semi-strong form efficient markets, the CAPM holds, investors are rational and risk-averse and there are no other market frictions. For a firm operating in this perfect world, which statement(s) are correct? (i) When a firm changes its capital structure and/or payout policy, share holders' wealth is unaffected. (ii) When the idiosyncratic risk of a firm's assets increases, share holders do not expect higher returns. (iii) When the systematic risk of a firm's assets increases, share holders do not expect higher returns. Select the most correct response: A fairly priced stock has an expected return of 15% pa. Treasury bonds yield 5% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 10% pa. What is the beta of the stock? You want to buy an apartment worth$300,000. You have saved a deposit of $60,000. The bank has agreed to lend you$240,000 as an interest only mortgage loan with a term of 30 years. The interest rate is 6% pa and is not expected to change. What will be your monthly payments?

An Australian company just issued two bonds:

• A 1 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 10% pa, and
• A 2 year zero coupon bond at a yield of 8% pa.

What is the forward rate on the company's debt from years 1 to 2? Give your answer as an APR compounding every 6 months, which is how the above bond yields are quoted.

Question 109  credit rating, credit risk

Bonds with lower (worse) credit ratings tend to have:

A firm changes its capital structure by issuing a large amount of equity and using the funds to repay debt. Its assets are unchanged. Ignore interest tax shields.

According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which statement is correct?

A firm can issue 5 year annual coupon bonds at a yield of 8% pa and a coupon rate of 12% pa.

The beta of its levered equity is 1. Five year government bonds yield 5% pa with a coupon rate of 6% pa. The market's expected dividend return is 4% pa and its expected capital return is 6% pa.

The firm's debt-to-equity ratio is 2:1. The corporate tax rate is 30%.

What is the firm's after-tax WACC? Assume a classical tax system.

A company has:

• 100 million ordinary shares outstanding which are trading at a price of $5 each. Market analysts estimated that the company's ordinary stock has a beta of 1.5. The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%. • 1 million preferred shares which have a face (or par) value of$100 and pay a constant annual dividend of 9% of par. The next dividend will be paid in one year. Assume that all preference dividends will be paid when promised. They currently trade at a price of $90 each. • Debentures that have a total face value of$200 million and a yield to maturity of 6% per annum. They are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 110% of their face value.

The corporate tax rate is 30%. All returns and yields are given as effective annual rates.

What is the company's after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system.

Find the cash flow from assets (CFFA) of the following project.

 Project Data Project life 2 years Initial investment in equipment $8m Depreciation of equipment per year for tax purposes$3m Unit sales per year 10m Sale price per unit $9 Variable cost per unit$4 Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year $2m Tax rate 30% Note 1: Due to the project, the firm will have to purchase$40m of inventory initially (at t=0). Half of this inventory will be sold at t=1 and the other half at t=2.

Note 2: The equipment will have a book value of $2m at the end of the project for tax purposes. However, the equipment is expected to fetch$1m when it is sold. Assume that the full capital loss is tax-deductible and taxed at the full corporate tax rate.

Note 3: The project will be fully funded by equity which investors will expect to pay dividends totaling $10m at the end of each year. Find the project's CFFA at time zero, one and two. Answers are given in millions of dollars ($m).