Fight Finance

Question 857  DuPont formula, accounting ratio

The DuPont formula is:

###\dfrac{\text{Net Profit}}{\text{Sales}} \times \dfrac{\text{Sales}}{\text{Total Assets}} \times \dfrac{\text{Total Assets}}{\text{Owners' Equity}}###

Which of the following statements about the DuPont formula is NOT correct?

(a) The DuPont formula gives the book Return on Equity (ROE).

(b) The net profit to sales ratio is called the ‘gross profit margin’.

(c) The sales to total assets ratio is called the ‘total asset turnover’ ratio.

(d) The total assets to owners' equity ratio is called the ‘equity multiplier’.

(e) The equity multiplier and ROE will rise if the firm uses more leverage by replacing equity with debt.

Question 358  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Estimate the Chinese bank ICBC's share price using a backward-looking price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only. Note that the renminbi (RMB) is the Chinese currency, also known as the yuan (CNY).

• The 4 major Chinese banks ICBC, China Construction Bank (CCB), Bank of China (BOC) and Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) are comparable companies;
• ICBC 's historical earnings per share (EPS) is RMB 0.74;
• CCB's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.59;
• BOC 's backward-looking PE ratio is 4.78;
• ABC's backward-looking PE ratio is also 4.78;

Note: Figures sourced from Google Finance on 25 March 2014. Share prices are from the Shanghai stock exchange.

(a) RMB 6.4595

(b) RMB 6.3739

(c) RMB 6.3311

(d) RMB 3.4903

(e) RMB 3.3966

Question 348  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Estimate the US bank JP Morgan's share price using a price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only:

• The major US banks JP Morgan Chase (JPM), Citi Group (C) and Wells Fargo (WFC) are comparable companies;
• JP Morgan Chase's historical earnings per share (EPS) is $4.37;
• Citi Group's share price is $50.05 and historical EPS is $4.26;
• Wells Fargo's share price is $48.98 and historical EPS is $3.89.

Note: Figures sourced from Google Finance on 24 March 2014.

(a) $53.2353

(b) $53.1831

(c) $53.0995

(d) $26.5498

(e) $2.7849

Question 750  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Itau Unibanco is a major listed bank in Brazil with a market capitalisation of equity equal to BRL 85.744 billion, EPS of BRL 3.96 and 2.97 billion shares on issue.

Banco Bradesco is another major bank with total earnings of BRL 8.77 billion and 2.52 billion shares on issue.

Estimate Banco Bradesco's current share price using a price-earnings multiples approach assuming that Itau Unibanco is a comparable firm.

Note that BRL is the Brazilian Real, their currency. Figures sourced from Google Finance on the market close of the BVMF on 24 July 2015.

(a) BRL 28.87

(b) BRL 25.372

(c) BRL 22.1

(d) BRL 21.653

(e) BRL 21.528

Question 347  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Which of the following investable assets are NOT suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

(a) Common equity in small private companies.

(b) Common equity in large private companies.

(c) Common equity in listed public companies.

(d) Fixed term bonds of listed public companies.

(e) Real estate.

Question 749  Multiples valuation, PE ratio, price to revenue ratio, price to book ratio, NPV

A real estate agent says that the price of a house in Sydney Australia is approximately equal to the gross weekly rent times 1000.

What type of valuation method is the real estate agent using?

(a) Price to EBITDA multiple.

(b) Price to book multiple.

(c) Price to earnings multiple.

(d) Price to revenue multiple.

(e) Discounted cash flow (DCF).

Question 463  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Private equity firms are known to buy medium sized private companies operating in the same industry, merge them together into a larger company, and then sell it off in a public float (initial public offering, IPO).

If medium-sized private companies trade at PE ratios of 5 and larger listed companies trade at PE ratios of 15, what return can be achieved from this strategy?

Assume that:

• The medium-sized companies can be bought, merged and sold in an IPO instantaneously.
• There are no costs of finding, valuing, merging and restructuring the medium sized companies. Also, there is no competition to buy the medium-sized companies from other private equity firms.
• The large merged firm's earnings are the sum of the medium firms' earnings.
• The only reason for the difference in medium and large firm's PE ratios is due to the illiquidity of the medium firms' shares.
• Return is defined as: ##r_{0→1} = (p_1-p_0+c_1)/p_0## , where time zero is just before the merger and time one is just after.

(a) 300%.

(b) 200%

(c) 33.33%

(d) 30%

(e) 20%

Question 855  cash cycle, accounting ratio

The below diagram shows a firm’s cash cycle.

Which of the following statements about companies’ cash cycle is NOT correct?

(a) The cash cycle is typically measured in days.

(b) The lower the cash cycle, the better.

(c) The cash cycle represents the time that money is invested or ‘tied up’ in inventory.

(d) Companies should avoid negative cash cycles.

(e) The cash cycle is the time between the inventory payment date to the supplier and cash receipt date from the customer.

Question 868  cash cycle

What is the Cash Conversion Cycle for a firm with a:

• Payables period of 1 day;
• Inventory period of 50 days; and
• Receivables period of 30 days?

All answer options are in days:

(a) 19

(b) 21

(c) 79

(d) 80

(e) 81

Question 67  CFFA, interest tax shield

Here are the Net Income (NI) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) equations:

###NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)###

###CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp###

What is the formula for calculating annual interest expense (IntExp) which is used in the equations above?

Select one of the following answers. Note that D is the value of debt which is constant through time, and ##r_D## is the cost of debt.

(a) ##D(1+r_D)##

(b) ##D/(1+r_D) ##

(c) ##D.r_D ##

(d) ##D / r_D##

(e) ##NI.r_D##

Question 77  interest tax shield

The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are:

###NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)###

###CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp###

For a firm with debt, what is the amount of the interest tax shield per year?

(a) ##IntExp.t_c##

(b) ##IntExp/t_c##

(c) ##IntExp.(1-t_c)##

(d) ##IntExp/(1-t_c)##

(e) ##IntExp.(t_c-1)##

Question 206  CFFA, interest expense, interest tax shield

Interest expense (IntExp) is an important part of a company's income statement (or 'profit and loss' or 'statement of financial performance').

How does an accountant calculate the annual interest expense of a fixed-coupon bond that has a liquid secondary market? Select the most correct answer:

Annual interest expense is equal to:

(a) the bond's face value multiplied by its annual yield to maturity.

(b) the bond's face value multiplied by its annual coupon rate.

(c) the bond's market price at the start of the year multiplied by its annual yield to maturity.

(d) the bond's market price at the start of the year multiplied by its annual coupon rate.

(e) the future value of the actual cash payments of the bond over the year, grown to the end of the year, and grown by the bond's yield to maturity.

Question 941  negative gearing, leverage, capital structure, interest tax shield, real estate

Last year, two friends Lev and Nolev each bought similar investment properties for $1 million. Both earned net rents of $30,000 pa over the past year. They funded their purchases in different ways:

• Lev used $200,000 of his own money and borrowed $800,000 from the bank in the form of an interest-only loan with an interest rate of 5% pa.
• Nolev used $1,000,000 of his own money, he has no mortgage loan on his property.

Both Lev and Nolev also work in high-paying jobs and are subject personal marginal tax rates of 45%.

Which of the below statements about the past year is NOT correct?

(a) Lev’s annual interest expense would have been $40,000.

(b) Lev’s annual loss before tax on the investment property was $10,000

(c) Lev’s annual loss after tax on the investment property was $5,500

(d) Lev’s personal tax saving due to the investment property was $5,500.

(e) Nolev’s personal tax payable due to the investment property was $13,500.

Question 959  negative gearing, leverage, capital structure, interest tax shield, real estate

Last year, two friends Gear and Nogear invested in residential apartments. Each invested $1 million of their own money (their net wealth).

Apartments cost $1,000,000 last year and they earned net rents of $30,000 pa over the last year. Net rents are calculated as rent revenues less the costs of renting such as property maintenance, land tax and council rates. However, interest expense and personal income taxes are not deducted from net rents.

Gear and Nogear funded their purchases in different ways:

• Gear used $1,000,000 of her own money and borrowed $4,000,000 from the bank in the form of an interest-only loan with an interest rate of 5% pa to buy 5 apartments.
• Nogear used $1,000,000 of his own money to buy one apartment. He has no mortgage loan on his property.

Both Gear and Nogear also work in high-paying jobs and are subject personal marginal tax rates of 45%.

Which of the below statements about the past year is NOT correct?

(a) Gear’s total annual interest expense would have been $200,000.

(b) Gear’s total annual loss before tax on the investment properties was $50,000

(c) Gear’s total annual loss after tax on the investment properties was $27,500

(d) Gear’s total personal tax saving due to the investment properties was $22,500.

(e) Nogear’s total personal tax payable due to the investment property was $16,500.

Question 375  interest tax shield, CFFA

One formula for calculating a levered firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to use net operating profit after tax (NOPAT).

###\begin{aligned} FFCF &= NOPAT + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC \\ \end{aligned} \\###

Does this annual FFCF or the annual interest tax shield?

Question 371  interest tax shield, CFFA

One method for calculating a firm's free cash flow (FFCF, or CFFA) is to ignore interest expense. That is, pretend that interest expense ##(IntExp)## is zero:

###\begin{aligned} FFCF &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC + IntExp \\ &= (Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - 0)(1-t_c) + Depr - CapEx -\Delta NWC - 0\\ \end{aligned}###

Does this annual FFCF with zero interest expense or the annual interest tax shield?

Question 367  CFFA, interest tax shield

There are many ways to calculate a firm's free cash flow (FFCF), also called cash flow from assets (CFFA). Some include the annual interest tax shield in the cash flow and some do not.

Which of the below FFCF formulas include the interest tax shield in the cash flow?

###(1) \quad FFCF=NI + Depr - CapEx -ΔNWC + IntExp### ###(2) \quad FFCF=NI + Depr - CapEx -ΔNWC + IntExp.(1-t_c)### ###(3) \quad FFCF=EBIT.(1-t_c )+ Depr- CapEx -ΔNWC+IntExp.t_c### ###(4) \quad FFCF=EBIT.(1-t_c) + Depr- CapEx -ΔNWC### ###(5) \quad FFCF=EBITDA.(1-t_c )+Depr.t_c- CapEx -ΔNWC+IntExp.t_c### ###(6) \quad FFCF=EBITDA.(1-t_c )+Depr.t_c- CapEx -ΔNWC### ###(7) \quad FFCF=EBIT-Tax + Depr - CapEx -ΔNWC### ###(8) \quad FFCF=EBIT-Tax + Depr - CapEx -ΔNWC-IntExp.t_c### ###(9) \quad FFCF=EBITDA-Tax - CapEx -ΔNWC### ###(10) \quad FFCF=EBITDA-Tax - CapEx -ΔNWC-IntExp.t_c###

The formulas for net income (NI also called earnings), EBIT and EBITDA are given below. Assume that depreciation and amortisation are both represented by 'Depr' and that 'FC' represents fixed costs such as rent.

###NI=(Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp).(1-t_c )### ###EBIT=Rev - COGS - FC-Depr### ###EBITDA=Rev - COGS - FC### ###Tax =(Rev - COGS - Depr - FC - IntExp).t_c= \dfrac{NI.t_c}{1-t_c}###

(a) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.

(b) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.

(c) 1, 4, 6, 8, 10.

(d) 2, 3, 5, 7, 9.

(e) 1, 3, 5, 8, 10.

Question 88  WACC, CAPM

A firm can issue 3 year annual coupon bonds at a yield of 10% pa and a coupon rate of 8% pa.

The beta of its levered equity is 2. The market's expected return is 10% pa and 3 year government bonds yield 6% pa with a coupon rate of 4% pa.

The market value of equity is $1 million and the market value of debt is $1 million. The corporate tax rate is 30%.

What is the firm's after-tax WACC? Assume a classical tax system.

(a) 8.40%

(b) 10.50%

(c) 10.80%

(d) 12.00%

(e) 21.00%

Question 237  WACC, Miller and Modigliani, interest tax shield

Which of the following discount rates should be the highest for a levered company? Ignore the costs of financial distress.

(a) Cost of debt (##r_\text{D}##).

(b) Unlevered cost of equity (##r_\text{E, U}##).

(c) Levered cost of equity (##r_\text{E, L}##).

(d) Levered before-tax WACC (##r_\text{V, LxITS}##).

(e) Levered after-tax WACC (##r_\text{V, LwITS}##).

Question 84  WACC, capital structure, capital budgeting

A firm is considering a new project of similar risk to the current risk of the firm. This project will expand its existing business. The cash flows of the project have been calculated assuming that there is no interest expense. In other words, the cash flows assume that the project is all-equity financed.

In fact the firm has a target debt-to-equity ratio of 1, so the project will be financed with 50% debt and 50% equity. To find the levered value of the firm's assets, what discount rate should be applied to the project's unlevered cash flows? Assume a classical tax system.

(a) The required return on equity, ##r_E##

(b) The required return on debt, ##r_D##

(c) The after-tax required return on debt, ##r_D.(1-t_c)##

(d) The after-tax WACC, ##\text{WACC after tax}=\frac{D}{V_L}.r_D.(1-t_c )+\frac{E_L}{V_L}.r_E##

(e) The pre-tax WACC, ##\text{WACC before tax}=\frac{D}{V_L}.r_D+\frac{E_L}{V_L}.r_E##

Question 766  CFFA, WACC, interest tax shield, DDM

Use the below information to value a levered company with constant annual perpetual cash flows from assets. The next cash flow will be generated in one year from now, so a perpetuity can be used to value this firm. Both the operating and firm free cash flows are constant (but not equal to each other).

Data on a Levered Firm with Perpetual Cash Flows
Item abbreviation	Value	Item full name
##\text{OFCF}##	$100m	Operating free cash flow
##\text{FFCF or CFFA}##	$112m	Firm free cash flow or cash flow from assets (includes interest tax shields)
##g##	0% pa	Growth rate of OFCF and FFCF
##\text{WACC}_\text{BeforeTax}##	7% pa	Weighted average cost of capital before tax
##\text{WACC}_\text{AfterTax}##	6.25% pa	Weighted average cost of capital after tax
##r_\text{D}##	5% pa	Cost of debt
##r_\text{EL}##	9% pa	Cost of levered equity
##D/V_L##	50% pa	Debt to assets ratio, where the asset value includes tax shields
##t_c##	30%	Corporate tax rate

 

What is the value of the levered firm including interest tax shields?

(a) $431.111m

(b) $444.444m

(c) $485m

(d) $515.464m

(e) $1600m

Question 303  WACC, CAPM, CFFA

There are many different ways to value a firm's assets. Which of the following will NOT give the correct market value of a levered firm's assets ##(V_L)##? Assume that:

• The firm is financed by listed common stock and vanilla annual fixed coupon bonds, which are both traded in a liquid market.
• The bonds' yield is equal to the coupon rate, so the bonds are issued at par. The yield curve is flat and yields are not expected to change. When bonds mature they will be rolled over by issuing the same number of new bonds with the same expected yield and coupon rate, and so on forever.
• Tax rates on the dividends and capital gains received by investors are equal, and capital gains tax is paid every year, even on unrealised gains regardless of when the asset is sold.
• There is no re-investment of the firm's cash back into the business. All of the firm's excess cash flow is paid out as dividends so real growth is zero.
• The firm operates in a mature industry with zero real growth.
• All cash flows and rates in the below equations are real (not nominal) and are expected to be stable forever. Therefore the perpetuity equation with no growth is suitable for valuation.

(a) ##V_L = n_\text{shares}.P_\text{share} + n_\text{bonds}.P_\text{bond}##

(b) ##V_L = n_\text{shares}.\dfrac{\text{Dividend per share}}{r_f + \beta_{EL}(r_m - r_f)} + n_\text{bonds}.\dfrac{\text{Coupon per bond}}{r_f + \beta_D(r_m - r_f)}##

(c) ##V_L = \dfrac{\text{CFFA}_{L}}{r_\text{WACC before tax}}##

(d) ##V_L = \dfrac{\text{CFFA}_{U}}{r_\text{WACC after tax}}##

(e) ##V_L = \dfrac{\text{CFFA}_{L}}{r_\text{WACC after tax}}##

Where:

###r_\text{WACC before tax} = r_D.\frac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\frac{E_L}{V_L} = \text{Weighted average cost of capital before tax}### ###r_\text{WACC after tax} = r_D.(1-t_c).\frac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\frac{E_L}{V_L} = \text{Weighted average cost of capital after tax}### ###NI_L=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-\mathbf{IntExp}).(1-t_c) = \text{Net Income Levered}### ###CFFA_L=NI_L+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+\mathbf{IntExp} = \text{Cash Flow From Assets Levered}### ###NI_U=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr).(1-t_c) = \text{Net Income Unlevered}### ###CFFA_U=NI_U+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC= \text{Cash Flow From Assets Unlevered}###

Question 772  interest tax shield, capital structure, leverage

A firm issues debt and uses the funds to buy back equity. Assume that there are no costs of financial distress or transactions costs. Which of the following statements about interest tax shields is NOT correct?

(a) Higher debt leads to higher interest expense.

(b) Higher interest expense leads to lower profit before tax, following on from above.

(c) Lower profit before tax leads to lower tax payments, following on from above.

(d) Lower tax payments lead to higher cash flow from assets, following on from above.

(e) Lower profit after tax leads to a lower share price, following on from above.

Question 773  CFFA, WACC, interest tax shield, DDM

Use the below information to value a levered company with constant annual perpetual cash flows from assets. The next cash flow will be generated in one year from now, so a perpetuity can be used to value this firm. Both the operating and firm free cash flows are constant (but not equal to each other).

Data on a Levered Firm with Perpetual Cash Flows
Item abbreviation	Value	Item full name
##\text{OFCF}##	$48.5m	Operating free cash flow
##\text{FFCF or CFFA}##	$50m	Firm free cash flow or cash flow from assets
##g##	0% pa	Growth rate of OFCF and FFCF
##\text{WACC}_\text{BeforeTax}##	10% pa	Weighted average cost of capital before tax
##\text{WACC}_\text{AfterTax}##	9.7% pa	Weighted average cost of capital after tax
##r_\text{D}##	5% pa	Cost of debt
##r_\text{EL}##	11.25% pa	Cost of levered equity
##D/V_L##	20% pa	Debt to assets ratio, where the asset value includes tax shields
##t_c##	30%	Corporate tax rate

 

What is the value of the levered firm including interest tax shields?

(a) $515.464m

(b) $500m

(c) $485m

(d) $444.444m

(e) $431.111m

Question 804  CFFA, WACC, interest tax shield, DDM

Use the below information to value a levered company with annual perpetual cash flows from assets that grow. The next cash flow will be generated in one year from now. Note that ‘k’ means kilo or 1,000. So the $30k is $30,000.

Data on a Levered Firm with Perpetual Cash Flows
Item abbreviation	Value	Item full name
##\text{OFCF}##	$30k	Operating free cash flow
##g##	1.5% pa	Growth rate of OFCF
##r_\text{D}##	4% pa	Cost of debt
##r_\text{EL}##	16.3% pa	Cost of levered equity
##D/V_L##	80% pa	Debt to assets ratio, where the asset value includes tax shields
##t_c##	30%	Corporate tax rate
##n_\text{shares}##	100k	Number of shares

 

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) The WACC before tax is 6.46% pa.

(b) The WACC after tax is 5.50% pa.

(c) The current levered asset value including tax shields is $603.839k.

(d) The current debt value is $600k and the interest tax shield benefit over the first year is $7.2k (at t=1).

(e) The current share price is $1.50.

Question 504  CFFA

Read the following financial statements and calculate the firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year.

UBar Corp
Income Statement for
year ending 30th June 2014
	$m
Sales	293
COGS	200
Rent expense	15
Gas expense	8
Depreciation	10
EBIT	60
Interest expense	0
Taxable income	60
Taxes	18
Net income	42

UBar Corp
Balance Sheet
as at 30th June	2014	2013
	$m	$m
Assets
Cash	30	29
Accounts receivable	5	7
Pre-paid rent expense	1	0
Inventory	50	46
PPE	290	300
Total assets	376	382
Liabilities
Trade payables	20	18
Accrued gas expense	3	2
Non-current liabilities	0	0
Contributed equity	212	212
Retained profits	136	150
Asset revaluation reserve	5	0
Total L and OE	376	382

 

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

The firm's free cash flow over the 2014 financial year was:

(a) $51

(b) $52

(c) $58

(d) $61

(e) $62

Question 370  capital budgeting, NPV, interest tax shield, WACC, CFFA

Project Data
Project life	2 yrs
Initial investment in equipment	$600k
Depreciation of equipment per year	$250k
Expected sale price of equipment at end of project	$200k
Revenue per job	$12k
Variable cost per job	$4k
Quantity of jobs per year	120
Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year	$100k
Interest expense in first year (at t=1)	$16.091k
Interest expense in second year (at t=2)	$9.711k
Tax rate	30%
Government treasury bond yield	5%
Bank loan debt yield	6%
Levered cost of equity	12.5%
Market portfolio return	10%
Beta of assets	1.24
Beta of levered equity	1.5
Firm's and project's debt-to-equity ratio	25%

Notes

1. The project will require an immediate purchase of $50k of inventory, which will all be sold at cost when the project ends. Current liabilities are negligible so they can be ignored.

Assumptions

• The debt-to-equity ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio. Note that interest expense is different in each year.
• Thousands are represented by 'k' (kilo).
• All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year.
• All rates and cash flows are nominal. The inflation rate is 2% pa.
• All rates are given as effective annual rates.
• The 50% capital gains tax discount is not available since the project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual.

What is the net present value (NPV) of the project?

(a) $684.222k

(b) $690.919k

(c) $697.616k

(d) $698.713k

(e) $710.601k

Question 418  capital budgeting, NPV, interest tax shield, WACC, CFFA, CAPM

Project Data
Project life	1 year
Initial investment in equipment	$8m
Depreciation of equipment per year	$8m
Expected sale price of equipment at end of project	0
Unit sales per year	4m
Sale price per unit	$10
Variable cost per unit	$5
Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year	$2m
Interest expense in first year (at t=1)	$0.562m
Corporate tax rate	30%
Government treasury bond yield	5%
Bank loan debt yield	9%
Market portfolio return	10%
Covariance of levered equity returns with market	0.32
Variance of market portfolio returns	0.16
Firm's and project's debt-to-equity ratio	50%

Notes

1. Due to the project, current assets will increase by $6m now (t=0) and fall by $6m at the end (t=1). Current liabilities will not be affected.

Assumptions

• The debt-to-equity ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio.
• Millions are represented by 'm'.
• All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year.
• All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.
• The project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual.

What is the net present value (NPV) of the project?

(a) $5.772m

(b) $4.979m

(c) $4.959m

(d) $4.733m

(e) $4.584m

Question 419  capital budgeting, NPV, interest tax shield, WACC, CFFA, CAPM, no explanation

Project Data
Project life	1 year
Initial investment in equipment	$6m
Depreciation of equipment per year	$6m
Expected sale price of equipment at end of project	0
Unit sales per year	9m
Sale price per unit	$8
Variable cost per unit	$6
Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year	$1m
Interest expense in first year (at t=1)	$0.53m
Tax rate	30%
Government treasury bond yield	5%
Bank loan debt yield	6%
Market portfolio return	10%
Covariance of levered equity returns with market	0.08
Variance of market portfolio returns	0.16
Firm's and project's debt-to-assets ratio	50%

Notes

1. Due to the project, current assets will increase by $5m now (t=0) and fall by $5m at the end (t=1). Current liabilities will not be affected.

Assumptions

• The debt-to-assets ratio will be kept constant throughout the life of the project. The amount of interest expense at the end of each period has been correctly calculated to maintain this constant debt-to-equity ratio.
• Millions are represented by 'm'.
• All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year.
• All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 2% pa.
• All rates are given as effective annual rates.
• The 50% capital gains tax discount is not available since the project is undertaken by a firm, not an individual.

What is the net present value (NPV) of the project?

(a) $7.33k

(b) $7.299k

(c) $6.946k

(d) $6.729k

(e) $6.667k

Question 863  option, binomial option pricing

A one year European-style call option has a strike price of $4. The option's underlying stock pays no dividends and currently trades at $5. The risk-free interest rate is 10% pa continuously compounded. Use a single step binomial tree to calculate the option price, assuming that the price could rise to $8 ##(u = 1.6)## or fall to $3.125 ##(d = 1/1.6)## in one year. The call option price now is:

(a) 1.336851119

(b) 1.782468159

(c) 1.836881513

(d) 1.969931972

(e) 2.030068028

Question 864  option, binomial option pricing

A one year European-style put option has a strike price of $4. The option's underlying stock pays no dividends and currently trades at $5. The risk-free interest rate is 10% pa continuously compounded. Use a single step binomial tree to calculate the option price, assuming that the price could rise to $8 ##(u = 1.6)## or fall to $3.125 ##(d = 1/1.6)## in one year. The put option price now is:

(a) 0.401817831

(b) 0.430922619

(c) 0.444077381

(d) 0.490781407

(e) 0.861038209

Question 865  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing

A one year European-style call option has a strike price of $4.

The option's underlying stock currently trades at $5, pays no dividends and its standard deviation of continuously compounded returns is 47% pa.

The risk-free interest rate is 10% pa continuously compounded.

Use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the option price. The call option price now is:

(a) $0.287263739

(b) $0.398141032

(c) $1.142227853

(d) $1.667914067

(e) $2.193600281

Question 866  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing

A one year European-style put option has a strike price of $4.

The option's underlying stock currently trades at $5, pays no dividends and its standard deviation of continuously compounded returns is 47% pa.

The risk-free interest rate is 10% pa continuously compounded.

Use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the option price. The put option price now is:

(a) $1.550849674

(b) $0.982509295

(c) $0.666414943

(d) $0.287263739

(e) $0.055037262

Question 832  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing

A 12 month European-style call option with a strike price of $11 is written on a dividend paying stock currently trading at $10. The dividend is paid annually and the next dividend is expected to be $0.40, paid in 9 months. The risk-free interest rate is 5% pa continuously compounded and the standard deviation of the stock’s continuously compounded returns is 30 percentage points pa. The stock's continuously compounded returns are normally distributed. Using the Black-Scholes-Merton option valuation model, determine which of the following statements is NOT correct.

(a) ##d_1=-0.001033933##

(b) ##N[d_1]=0.447492432##

(c) ##d_2=-0.431999277 ##

(d) ##N[d_2]=0.332870969 ##

(e) ##c_0=0.81951217##

Question 794  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option delta, no explanation

Which of the following quantities from the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula gives the Delta of a European call option?

(a) ##N[d_1]##

(b) ##N[d_2]##

(c) ##−N[−d_1]##

(d) ##−N[−d_2]##

(e) ##N[−d_2]##

Where:

###d_1=\dfrac{\ln⁡[S_0/K]+(r+\sigma^2/2).T)}{\sigma.\sqrt{T}}### ###d_2=d_1-\sigma.\sqrt{T}=\dfrac{\ln⁡[S_0/K]+(r-\sigma^2/2).T)}{\sigma.\sqrt{T}}###

Question 795  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option delta, no explanation

Which of the following quantities from the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula gives the Delta of a European put option?

(a) ##N[d_1]##

(b) ##N[d_2]##

(c) ##−N[−d_1]##

(d) ##−N[−d_2]##

(e) ##N[−d_2]##

Question 796  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option delta, no explanation

Which of the following quantities from the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula gives the risk-neutral probability that a European call option will be exercised?

(a) ##N[d_1]##

(b) ##N[d_2]##

(c) ##−N[−d_1]##

(d) ##−N[−d_2]##

(e) ##N[−d_2]##

Question 797  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option delta, no explanation

Which of the following quantities from the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing formula gives the risk-neutral probability that a European put option will be exercised?

(a) ##N[d_1]##

(b) ##N[d_2]##

(c) ##−N[−d_1]##

(d) ##−N[−d_2]##

(e) ##N[−d_2]##

Question 903  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option on stock index

A six month European-style call option on the S&P500 stock index has a strike price of 2800 points.

The underlying S&P500 stock index currently trades at 2700 points, has a continuously compounded dividend yield of 2% pa and a standard deviation of continuously compounded returns of 25% pa.

The risk-free interest rate is 5% pa continuously compounded.

Use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the option price. The call option price now is:

(a) 162.83 points

(b) 220.56 points

(c) 226.43 points

(d) 230.91 points

(e) 317.45 points

Question 904  option, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing, option on future on stock index

A six month European-style call option on six month S&P500 index futures has a strike price of 2800 points.

The six month futures price on the S&P500 index is currently at 2740.805274 points. The futures underlie the call option.

The S&P500 stock index currently trades at 2700 points. The stock index underlies the futures. The stock index's standard deviation of continuously compounded returns is 25% pa.

The risk-free interest rate is 5% pa continuously compounded.

Use the Black-Scholes-Merton formula to calculate the option price. The call option price now is:

(a) 226.43 points

(b) 220.56 points

(c) 176.21 points

(d) 162.83 points

(e) 128.92 points

Question 837  option, put call parity

Being long a call and short a put which have the same exercise prices and underlying stock is equivalent to being:

(a) Long a stock only.

(b) Long a stock and long a bond.

(c) Long a stock and short a bond.

(d) Short a stock and long a bond.

(e) Short a stock and short a bond.

Question 838  option, put call parity

A stock, a call, a put and a bond are available to trade. The call and put options' underlying asset is the stock they and have the same strike prices, ##K_T##.

Being long the call and short the stock is equivalent to being:

(a) Long the put only.

(b) Long the put and long the bond.

(c) Long the put and short the bond.

(d) Short the put and long the bond.

(e) Short the put and short the bond.

Question 839  option, put call parity

A stock, a call, a put and a bond are available to trade. The call and put options' underlying asset is the stock they and have the same strike prices, ##K_T##.

You are currently long the stock. You want to hedge your long stock position without actually trading the stock. How would you do this?

(a) Long call, long put and long bond.

(b) Long call, long put and short bond.

(c) Long call, short put and short bond.

(d) Short call, short put and short bond.

(e) Short call, long put and short bond.

Question 790  mean and median returns, return distribution, arithmetic and geometric averages, continuously compounding rate, log-normal distribution, VaR, confidence interval

A risk manager has identified that their hedge fund’s continuously compounded portfolio returns are normally distributed with a mean of 10% pa and a standard deviation of 30% pa. The hedge fund’s portfolio is currently valued at $100 million. Assume that there is no estimation error in these figures and that the normal cumulative density function at 1.644853627 is 95%.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? All answers are rounded to the nearest dollar.

(a) Future portfolio values have a log-normal distribution. The mean (expected or arithmetic average) portfolio value in one year is $115,603,957.

(b) The median (50th percentile) portfolio value in one year is $115,603,957.

(c) The 90% confidence interval of continuously compounded portfolio returns over the next year ##(r_{0 \rightarrow 1})## is ##-39.3456088\% < r_{0 \rightarrow 1} < 59.3456088\%##.

(d) The 90% confidence interval of portfolio values in one year ##(V_1)## is ##\$67,472,095 < V_1 < \$181,023,395##.

(e) The annual 95% relative VaR is $48,131,863 and the absolute VaR is $32,527,905.

Question 275  derivative terminology, future

The 'futures price' in a futures contract is paid at the start when the futures contract is agreed to. or ?

Question 641  future, no explanation

Which of the below formulas gives the payoff at maturity ##(f_T)## from being long a future? Let the underlying asset price at maturity be ##S_T## and the locked-in futures price be ##K_T##.

(a) ##f_{LF,T}=S_T+K_T##

(b) ##f_{LF,T}=-S_T-K_T##

(c) ##f_{LF,T}=S_T-K_T##

(d) ##f_{LF,T}=K_T-S_T##

(e) ##f_{LF,T}=S_T##

Question 651  future

Which of the following statements about futures is NOT correct?

(a) Futures quotes displayed on the exchange change continuously.

(b) Futures prices written in existing futures contracts are fixed, they do not change since they’re written in the legal contract.

(c) One year futures quotes equal the market’s expectation of the underlying asset price in one year. For this reason futures markets are a good predictor of the underlying asset prices.

(d) Futures prices can be calculated based on the spot price of the underlying asset compounded forward at the total opportunity cost of capital, less any storage costs and plus any income yields such as dividends.

(e) The futures price quote and the underlying asset's spot price will converge over time. At the future's expiry they’ll be equal.

Question 642  future, no explanation

Which of the below formulas gives the payoff at maturity ##(f_T)## from being short a future? Let the underlying asset price at maturity be ##S_T## and the locked-in futures price be ##K_T##.

(a) ##f_{SF,T}=S_T+K_T##

(b) ##f_{SF,T}=-S_T-K_T##

(c) ##f_{SF,T}=S_T-K_T##

(d) ##f_{SF,T}=K_T-S_T##

(e) ##f_{SF,T}=S_T##

Question 643  future, no explanation

A trader buys one crude oil futures contract on the CME expiring in one year with a locked-in futures price of $38.94 per barrel. If the trader doesn’t close out her contract before expiry then in one year she will have the:

(a) Obligation to buy the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel.

(b) Obligation to sell the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel.

(c) Right to buy the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel if she wants.

(d) Right to sell the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel if she wants.

(e) Obligation to buy the underlying oil $38.94 per barrel if her counter party chooses to sell it.

Question 644  future, no explanation

A trader sells one crude oil futures contract on the CME expiring in one year with a locked-in futures price of $38.94 per barrel. The crude oil spot price is $40.33. If the trader doesn’t close out her contract before expiry then in one year she will have the:

(a) Obligation to buy the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel.

(b) Obligation to sell the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel.

(c) Right to buy the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel if she wants.

(d) Right to sell the underlying oil at $38.94 per barrel if she wants.

(e) Obligation to buy the underlying oil $38.94 per barrel if the counter party chooses to sell it.

Question 589  future, contango, market efficiency

In general, stock prices tend to rise. What does this mean for futures on equity?

(a) Equity futures prices tend to be higher than spot prices. This is called contango.

(b) Equity futures prices tend to be equal to spot prices.

(c) Equity futures are generally under-priced.

(d) Equity futures are generally over-priced.

(e) Long equity futures traders tend to make more money than short equity futures traders.

Question 590  future, market efficiency

Which of the following statements about futures contracts on shares is NOT correct, assuming that markets are efficient?

When an equity future is first negotiated (at t=0):

(a) The futures price quote ##(F_T)## is 'fair'. It's neither over- nor under-priced to the long or short trader.

(b) The futures price quote ##(F_T)## equals the expected underlying asset price at maturity.

(c) The futures price quote ##(F_0)## is initially zero.

(d) The value of the future ##(V_0)## is initially zero to both the long and short trader.

(e) If the value of the future ##(V_0)## rises for the long trader, it must have fallen for the short trader, and vice versa.

Question 594  future, continuously compounding rate

The current gold price is $700, gold storage costs are 2% pa and the risk free rate is 10% pa, both with continuous compounding.

What should be the 3 year gold futures price?

(a) $758.30

(b) $773.62

(c) $889.87

(d) $944.90

(e) $1,003.33

Question 595  future, continuously compounding rate

A 2-year futures contract on a stock paying a continuous dividend yield of 3% pa was bought when the underlying stock price was $10 and the risk free rate was 10% per annum with continuous compounding. Assume that investors are risk-neutral, so the stock's total required return is the risk free rate.

Find the forward price ##(F_2)## and value of the contract ##(V_0)## initially. Also find the value of the contract in 6 months ##(V_{0.5})## if the stock price rose to $12.

(a) ##F_2=11.5027, V_0=0, V_{0.5}=1.5715##

(b) ##F_2=11.5027, V_0=0, V_{0.5}=1.8258##

(c) ##F_2=12.9693, V_0=0, V_{0.5}=1.3218##

(d) ##F_2=12.9693, V_0=0, V_{0.5}=1.3896##

(e) ##F_2=12.9693, V_0=0, V_{0.5}=1.6144##

Question 597  future, continuously compounding rate

A stock is expected to pay a dividend of $5 per share in 1 month and $5 again in 7 months.

The stock price is $100, and the risk-free rate of interest is 10% per annum with continuous compounding. The yield curve is flat. Assume that investors are risk-neutral.

An investor has just taken a short position in a one year forward contract on the stock.

Find the forward price ##(F_1)## and value of the contract ##(V_0)## initially. Also find the value of the short futures contract in 6 months ##(V_\text{0.5, SF})## if the stock price fell to $90.

(a) ##F_1=110.5171, V_0=0, V_\text{0.5, SF}=14.7829##

(b) ##F_1=110.5171, V_0=0, V_\text{0.5, SF}=15.1271##

(c) ##F_1=99.8244, V_0=0, V_\text{0.5, SF}=14.7829##

(d) ##F_1=99.8244, V_0=0, V_\text{0.5, SF}=20.5171##

(e) ##F_1=99.8244, V_0=0, V_\text{0.5, SF}=9.9144##

Question 650  future, closing out future contract

In February a company sold one December 40,000 pound (about 18 metric tons) lean hog futures contract. It closed out its position in May.

The spot price was $0.68 per pound in February. The December futures price was $0.70 per pound when the trader entered into the contract in February, $0.60 when he closed out his position in May, and $0.55 when the contract matured in December.

What was the total profit?

(a) $2,000

(b) $3,200

(c) $4,000

(d) $5,200

(e) $6,000

Question 686  future

Which of the following statements about futures is NOT correct?

(a) Buyers of futures are required to pay an initial margin at the start.

(b) Futures are a zero-sum game in the sense that the winner gains at the expense of the loser.

(c) Buyers of futures have to pay the futures price at the start.

(d) Buyers of futures do not care about the credit risk of the original future seller since the contract is novated by the exchange.

(e) Speculators who sell futures hope that the underlying asset price falls.

Question 684  future, arbitrage, no explanation

An equity index stands at 100 points and the one year equity futures price is 102.

The equity index is expected to have a dividend yield of 4% pa. Assume that investors are risk-neutral so their total required return on the shares is the same as the risk free Treasury bond yield which is 10% pa. Both are given as discrete effective annual rates.

Assuming that the equity index is fairly priced, an arbitrageur would recognise that the equity futures are:

(a) Under priced and should be bought.

(b) Under priced and should be sold.

(c) Over priced and should be bought.

(d) Over priced and should be sold.

(e) Fairly priced and an arbitrageur would be indifferent to buying or selling them.

Question 685  future, arbitrage, no explanation

An equity index stands at 100 points and the one year equity futures price is 107.

The equity index is expected to have a dividend yield of 3% pa. Assume that investors are risk-neutral so their total required return on the shares is the same as the risk free Treasury bond yield which is 10% pa. Both are given as discrete effective annual rates.

Assuming that the equity index is fairly priced, an arbitrageur would recognise that the equity futures are:

(a) Under priced and should be bought.

(b) Under priced and should be sold.

(c) Over priced and should be bought.

(d) Over priced and should be sold.

(e) Fairly priced and an arbitrageur would be indifferent to buying or selling them.

Question 916  future, future valuation

A stock is expected to pay its semi-annual dividend of $1 per share for the foreseeable future. The current stock price is $40 and the continuously compounded risk free rate is 3% pa for all maturities. An investor has just taken a long position in a 12-month futures contract on the stock. The last dividend payment was exactly 4 months ago. Therefore the next $1 dividend is in 2 months, and the $1 dividend after is 8 months from now. Which of the following statements about this scenario is NOT correct?

(a) The initial futures price would be $39.1828.

(b) The initial value of the futures contract would be zero.

(c) If the spot price rose to $45 at month 1, then the value of the futures contract would be positive $4.8999 at that time.

(d) If the spot price fell to $35 at month 3, then the value of the futures contract would be negative $4.1828 at that time.

(e) If the spot price remained at $40 until maturity, then the value of the futures contract would be positive $0.8172 at that time.

Question 826  future, basis risk, hedging

On 1 February 2016 you were told that your refinery company will need to purchase oil on 1 July 2016. You were afraid of the oil price rising between now and then so you bought some August 2016 futures contracts on 1 February 2016 to hedge against changes in the oil price. On 1 February 2016 the oil price was $40 and the August 2016 futures price was $43.

It's now 1 July 2016 and oil price is $45 and the August 2016 futures price is $46. You bought the spot oil and closed out your futures position on 1 July 2016.

What was the effective price paid for the oil, taking into account basis risk? All spot and futures oil prices quoted above and below are per barrel.

(a) $37

(b) $42

(c) $44

(d) $45

(e) $48

Question 827  future, basis risk, no explanation

You intend to use futures on oil to hedge the risk of purchasing oil. There is no cross-hedging risk. Oil pays no dividends but it’s costly to store. Which of the following statements about basis risk in this scenario is NOT correct?

(a) Basis risk makes hedges more risky.

(b) Basis risk can only lead to worse than expected effective dollar prices.

(c) Basis risk only occurs when the future is closed out early, before it matures.

(d) ‘The basis’ is defined as the underlying spot price less the futures price quote ##(S_t - F_{t,T})##.

(e) The futures price of oil will tend to be higher than the spot price due to storage costs, so the basis will tend to be positive for hedgers who long futures contracts.

Question 102  option, hedging

A company runs a number of slaughterhouses which supply hamburger meat to McDonalds. The company is afraid that live cattle prices will increase over the next year, even though there is widespread belief in the market that they will be stable. What can the company do to hedge against the risk of increasing live cattle prices? Which statement(s) are correct?

(i) buy call options on live cattle.

(ii) buy put options on live cattle.

(iii) sell call options on live cattle.

Select the most correct response:

(a) Only (i) is true.

(b) Only (ii) is true.

(c) Only (iii) is true.

(d) Only (i) and (ii) is true.

(e) All statements (i), (ii) and (iii) are true.

Question 124  option, hedging

You operate a cattle farm that supplies hamburger meat to the big fast food chains. You buy a lot of grain to feed your cattle, and you sell the fully grown cattle on the livestock market.

You're afraid of adverse movements in grain and livestock prices. What options should you buy to hedge your exposures in the grain and cattle livestock markets?

Select the most correct response:

(a) Buy calls on grain, buy calls on cattle livestock.

(b) Buy calls on grain, buy puts on cattle livestock.

(c) Buy puts on grain, buy calls on cattle livestock.

(d) Buy puts on grain, buy puts on cattle livestock.

(e) Statements (a) and (d) are both correct.

Question 671  future, forward, hedging

It's possible for both parties in a futures or forward contract to be hedging, so neither are speculating. or ?

Question 692  future, hedging, no explanation

The standard deviation of monthly changes in the spot price of corn is 50 cents per bushel. The standard deviation of monthly changes in the futures price of corn is 40 cents per bushel. The correlation between the spot price of corn and the futures price of corn is 0.9.

It is now March. A corn chip manufacturer is committed to buying 250,000 bushels of corn in May. The spot price of corn is 381 cents per bushel and the June futures price is 399 cents per bushel.

The corn chip manufacturer wants to use the June corn futures contracts to hedge his risk. Each futures contract is for the delivery of 5,000 bushels of corn. One bushel is about 127 metric tons.

How many corn futures should the corn chip manufacturer buy to hedge his risk? Round your answer to the nearest whole number of contracts. Remember to tail the hedge.

(a) 34

(b) 48

(c) 52

(d) 54

(e) 59

Question 689  future, hedging

An equity index fund manager controls a USD1 billion diversified equity portfolio with a beta of 1.3. The equity manager fears that a global recession will begin in the next year, causing equity prices to tumble. The market does not think that this will happen. If the fund manager wishes to reduce her portfolio beta to 0.5, how many S&P500 futures should she sell?

The US market equity index is the S&P500. One year CME futures on the S&P500 currently trade at 2,062 points and the spot price is 2,091 points. Each point is worth $250. How many one year S&P500 futures contracts should the fund manager sell?

(a) 970

(b) 1,530

(c) 1,552

(d) 2,487

(e) 2,522

Question 688  future, hedging

A pig farmer in the US is worried about the price of hogs falling and wants to lock in a price now. In one year the pig farmer intends to sell 1,000,000 pounds of hogs. Luckily, one year CME lean hog futures expire on the exact day that he wishes to sell his pigs. The futures have a notional principal of 40,000 pounds (about 18 metric tons) and currently trade at a price of 63.85 cents per pound. The underlying lean hogs spot price is 77.15 cents per pound. The correlation between the futures price and the underlying hogs price is one and the standard deviations are both 4 cents per pound. The initial margin is USD1,500 and the maintenance margin is USD1,200 per futures contract.

Which of the below statements is NOT correct?

(a) The pig farmer should sell futures to hedge against the danger of falling hog prices.

(b) The pig farmer should transact 30 lean hogs futures contracts with tailing since futures contracts require margins.

(c) The total initial margin that must be paid to the pig farmer’s futures broker is $45,000.

(d) If the futures price falls by more than 0.01175 cents per pound (rounded to 5 decimal places) then the pig farmer will receive a margin call from their broker.

(e) The future is trading in backwardation since the spot price exceeds the futures price, so the current basis is positive 13.30 cents.

Question 930  arbitrage table, future, no explanation

A non-dividend paying stock has a current price of $20.

The risk free rate is 5% pa given as a continuously compounded rate.

A 2 year futures contract on the stock has a futures price of $24.

You suspect that the futures contract is mis-priced and would like to conduct a risk-free arbitrage that requires zero capital. Which of the following steps about arbitraging the situation is NOT correct?

(a) The futures are over-priced.

(b) One future should be sold.

(c) One stock should be sold.

(d) A 2 year zero coupon bond with a face value at maturity of $24 should be sold.

(e) The gain now will be $1.7161 per futures contract with zero cash flows in the future.

Question 250  NPV, Loan, arbitrage table

Your neighbour asks you for a loan of $100 and offers to pay you back $120 in one year.

You don't actually have any money right now, but you can borrow and lend from the bank at a rate of 10% pa. Rates are given as effective annual rates.

Assume that your neighbour will definitely pay you back. Ignore interest tax shields and transaction costs.

The Net Present Value (NPV) of lending to your neighbour is $9.09. Describe what you would do to actually receive a $9.09 cash flow right now with zero net cash flows in the future.

(a) Borrow $109.09 from the bank and lend $100 of it to your neighbour now.

(b) Borrow $100 from the bank and lend it to your neighbour now.

(c) Borrow $209.09 from the bank and lend $100 to your neighbour now.

(d) Borrow $120 from the bank and lend $100 of it to your neighbour now.

(e) Borrow $90.91 from the bank and lend it to your neighbour now.

Question 593  future, arbitrage table

The price of gold is currently $700 per ounce. The forward price for delivery in 1 year is $800. An arbitrageur can borrow money at 10% per annum given as an effective discrete annual rate. Assume that gold is fairly priced and the cost of storing gold is zero.

What is the best way to conduct an arbitrage in this situation? The best arbitrage strategy requires zero capital, has zero risk and makes money straight away. An arbitrageur should sell 1 forward on gold and:

(a) Borrow $636.3636 and use it to buy 0.9091 ounces of gold right now (t=0). Then pay back the loan with $700 at the end (t=1).

(b) Borrow $700 and use it to buy 1 ounce of gold right now (t=0). Then pay back the loan with $770 at the end (t=1).

(c) Borrow $727.2727 and use it to buy 1 ounce of gold right now (t=0). Then pay back the loan with $800 at the end (t=1).

(d) Borrow $800 and use it to buy 1.1039 ounces of gold right now (t=0). Then pay back the loan with $880 at the end (t=1).

(e) Borrow $880 and use it to buy 1 ounce of gold right now (t=0). Then pay back the loan with $800 at the end (t=1).

Question 835  VaR, no explanation

A company has a 95% daily Value at Risk (VaR) of $1 million. The units of this VaR are in:

(a) Dollars ($).

(b) Dollars per day ($/day).

(c) Dollars per day squared ($/day^2).

(d) Dollars squared per day ($^2/day).

(e) Dollars squared per day squared ($^2/day^2).

Question 836  VaR, no explanation

The 95% daily VaR corresponds to the result on the:

(a) Best day of the 5% worst days’ results.

(b) Worst day of the 5% worst days’ results.

(c) Best day of the 5% best days’ results.

(d) Worst day of the 5% best days’ results.

(e) Best day of the 95% worst days’ results.

Question 948  VaR, expected shortfall

Below is a historical sample of returns on the S&P500 capital index.

S&P500 Capital Index Daily Returns Ranked from Best to Worst
10,000 trading days from 4th August 1977 to 24 March 2017 based on closing prices.
Rank	Date (DD-MM-YY)	Continuously compounded daily return (% per day)
1	21-10-87	9.23
2	08-03-83	8.97
3	13-11-08	8.3
4	30-09-08	8.09
5	28-10-08	8.01
6	29-10-87	7.28
…	…	…
9980	11-12-08	-5.51
9981	22-10-08	-5.51
9982	08-08-11	-5.54
9983	22-09-08	-5.64
9984	11-09-86	-5.69
9985	30-11-87	-5.88
9986	14-04-00	-5.99
9987	07-10-98	-6.06
9988	08-01-88	-6.51
9989	27-10-97	-6.55
9990	13-10-89	-6.62
9991	15-10-08	-6.71
9992	29-09-08	-6.85
9993	07-10-08	-6.91
9994	14-11-08	-7.64
9995	01-12-08	-7.79
9996	29-10-08	-8.05
9997	26-10-87	-8.4
9998	31-08-98	-8.45
9999	09-10-08	-12.9
10000	19-10-87	-23.36
Mean of all 10,000:		0.0354
Sample standard deviation of all 10,000:		1.2062
Sources: Bloomberg and S&P.

 

Assume that the one-tail Z-statistic corresponding to a probability of 99.9% is exactly 3.09. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? Based on the historical data, the 99.9% daily:

(a) Absolute non-parametric VaR is 6.62% per day.

(b) Relative non-parametric VaR is 6.6554% per day.

(c) Absolute parametric VaR is 6.173521% per day.

(d) Relative parametric VaR is 3.727158% per day.

(e) Non-parametric expected shortfall is 9.706% per day.

Question 818  option, future, no explanation

Which derivatives position has the possibility of unlimited potential gains?

(a) Long call.

(b) Short call.

(c) Long put.

(d) Short put.

(e) Short future.

Question 819  option, derivative terminology, no explanation

Which of the following terms about options are NOT synonyms?

(a) Option premium, option price.

(b) Strike price, exercise price.

(c) Payoff at maturity, profit.

(d) Maturity, expiry.

(e) Short, sell.

Question 820  option, future, no explanation

What derivative position are you exposed to if you have the obligation to sell the underlying asset at maturity, so you will definitely be forced to sell the underlying asset?

(a) Long a future.

(b) Short a future.

(c) Long a put.

(d) Short a put.

(e) Short a call.

Question 821  option, option profit, option payoff at maturity, no explanation

You just paid $4 for a 3 month European style call option on a stock currently priced at $47 with a strike price of $50. The stock’s next dividend will be $1 in 4 months’ time. Note that the dividend is paid after the option matures. Which of the below statements is NOT correct?

(a) You have the right to buy the underlying stock in 3 months’ time for a price of $50 if you want.

(b) If the dividend in 4 months were unexpectedly cancelled because the firm decided to re-invest its cash rather than pay it out then the 3 month call option price would be unaffected.

(c) If the stock price is $49 in 3 months then you wouldn’t exercise the ‘out of the money’ option.

(d) If the stock price is $51 in 3 months then you wouldn’t exercise or else you’ll incur a loss of $3.

(e) If the stock price is $57 in 3 months then you would exercise. Your profit would be $3 and payoff at maturity $7.

Question 822  option, sunk cost, no explanation

When does a European option's last-traded market price become a sunk cost?

(a) immediately after the option purchase date.

(b) After the option matures but only if it is exercised.

(c) After the option matures but only if it lapses and is not exercised.

(d) After the option matures, regardless of whether it is exercised or not.

(e) The option price is never a sunk cost.

Question 823  option, option payoff at maturity, option profit, no explanation

A European call option should only be exercised if:

(a) It's 'out of the money'.

(b) It will give a positive profit: ##-c_0 + max(S_T-K_T,0) > 0##.

(c) It will give a positive payoff at maturity: ##max(S_T-K_T,0) > 0##.

(d) The underlying asset price is below the option strike price: ##S_T < K_T##.

(e) The underlying asset price is above the break-even price.

Question 824  option, no explanation

A put option written on a risky non-dividend paying stock will mature in one month. As is normal, assume that the option's exercise price is non-zero and positive ##(K>0)## and the stock has limited liability ##(S>0)##.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The put option's:

(a) Price must be greater than zero (p>0).

(b) Price can be greater than its exercise price (p>K).

(c) Price can be greater than the underlying asset's price (p>S).

(d) Exercise price can be greater than the underlying asset's price (K>S).

(e) Profit must be less than the payoff at maturity from the long trader’s perspective.

Question 825  future, hedging, tailing the hedge, speculation, no explanation

An equity index fund manager controls a USD500 million diversified equity portfolio with a beta of 0.9. The equity manager expects a significant rally in equity prices next year. The market does not think that this will happen. If the fund manager wishes to increase his portfolio beta to 1.5, how many S&P500 futures should he buy?

The US market equity index is the S&P500. One year CME futures on the S&P500 currently trade at 2,155 points and the spot price is 2,180 points. Each point is worth $250.

The number of one year S&P500 futures contracts that the fund manager should buy is:

(a) 550

(b) 557

(c) 826

(d) 835

(e) 1392

Question 828  future, future valuation, no explanation

You bought a 1.5 year (18 month) futures contract on oil. Oil storage costs are 4% pa continuously compounded and oil pays no dividends. The futures contract is entered into when the oil price is $40 per barrel and the risk-free rate of interest is 10% per annum with continuous compounding.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) The initial futures price is $49.3471.

(b) The initial value of the futures contract is zero.

(c) If the oil price falls to $35 per barrel in one year then the value of the futures contract at that time would be -$11.2334.

(d) If the oil price is still at $40 per barrel in one year then the value of the futures contract at that time would be zero.

(e) If the oil price rises to $45 per barrel in one year then the value of the futures contract at that time would be -$1.0314.

Question 829  option, future, delta, gamma, theta, no explanation

Below are some statements about futures and European-style options on non-dividend paying stocks. Assume that the risk free rate is always positive. Which of these statements is NOT correct? All other things remaining equal:

(a) As time elapses, call option prices always fall.

(b) As time elapses, put option prices always fall.

(c) The long future always has a zero Gamma.

(d) The more in-the-money the long call option is, the higher (more positive) is its Delta.

(e) The more in-the-money the long put option is, the lower (more negative) is its Delta.

Question 830  option, delta, gamma, no explanation

Below are some statements about European-style options on non-dividend paying stocks. Assume that the risk free rate is always positive. Which of these statements is NOT correct?

(a) A long call option always has a positive Delta.

(b) A long put option always has a negative Delta.

(c) A long stock always has a Delta of one.

(d) A long call option always has a positive Gamma.

(e) A long stock always has a Gamma of one.

Question 831  option, American option, no explanation

Which of the following statements about American-style options is NOT correct? American-style:

(a) Options are always worth more than or equal to equivalent European-style options.

(b) Call options on dividend-paying stocks should sometimes be exercised just before the dividend.

(c) Put options on dividend-paying stocks should sometimes be exercised just after the dividend.

(d) Call options should be exercised now if the intrinsic option value ##(S-K)## is greater than the expected present value of the option’s future payoffs.

(e) Put options should be exercised now if the intrinsic option value ##(K-S)## is less than the expected present value of the option’s future payoffs.

Question 833  option, delta, theta, standard deviation, no explanation

Which of the following statements about an option (either a call or put) and its underlying stock is NOT correct?

(a) The option’s expected future continuously compounded returns are always more than or equal to the underlying stock’s expected future continuously compounded returns.

(b) The option’s standard deviation of dollar price changes is always less than or equal to the underlying stock’s standard deviation of dollar price changes.

(c) The option’s standard deviation of continuously compounded returns are always less than or equal to the underlying stock’s standard deviation of continuously compounded returns.

(d) As time elapses and the maturity date of an option approaches, its price will fall, all other things remaining equal.

(e) If the underlying stock’s price rises by $0.01, the call option’s price will rise by less than $0.01 and the put option’s price will fall by less than $0.01.

Question 834  option, delta, theta, gamma, standard deviation, Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing

Which of the following statements about an option (either a call or put) and its underlying stock is NOT correct?

European Call Option
on a non-dividend paying stock
Description	Symbol	Quantity
Spot price ($)	##S_0##	20
Strike price ($)	##K_T##	18
Risk free cont. comp. rate (pa)	##r##	0.05
Standard deviation of the stock's cont. comp. returns (pa)	##\sigma##	0.3
Option maturity (years)	##T##	1
Call option price ($)	##c_0##	3.939488
Delta	##\Delta = N[d_1]##	0.747891
##N[d_2]##	##N[d_2]##	0.643514
Gamma	##\Gamma##	0.053199
Theta ($/year)	##\Theta = \partial c / \partial T##	1.566433

 

(a) A one cent ($0.01) increase in the underlying stock price is expected to lead to a 0.747891 cent ($0.00747891) increase in the call option price.

(b) The (risk-neutral) probability of the call option maturing ‘in-the-money’ is 0.643514.

(c) A one cent ($0.01) increase in the underlying stock price is expected to lead to a 0.00053199 unit increase in the call option Delta.

(d) The underlying stocks’ standard deviation of returns per day is 0.015702718 assuming 365 days per year and zero auto-correlation.

(e) After one day, all other things remaining equal, the option price is expected to fall by $1.566433 assuming 365 days per year.

Question 987  interest tax shield, capital structure, debt terminology

What creates interest tax shields for a company?

(a) Debt assets.

(b) Debt funding.

(c) Equity assets.

(d) Equity funding.

(e) None of the above.

Question 657  systematic and idiosyncratic risk, CAPM, no explanation

A stock's required total return will decrease when its:

(a) Systematic risk increases.

(b) Idiosyncratic risk increases.

(c) Total risk increases.

(d) Systematic risk decreases.

(e) Idiosyncratic risk decreases.

Question 988  variance, covariance, beta, CAPM, risk, no explanation

Price Data Time Series
Sourced from Yahoo Finance Historical Price Data
Date	S&P500 Index (^GSPC)						Apple (AAPL)
	Open	High	Low	Close	Adj close		Open	High	Low	Close	Adj close
2007, Wed 3 Jan	1418	1429	1408	1417	1417		12.33	12.37	11.7	11.97	10.42
2008, Wed 2 Jan	1468	1472	1442	1447	1447		28.47	28.61	27.51	27.83	24.22
2009, Fri 2 Jan	903	935	899	932	932		12.27	13.01	12.17	12.96	11.28
2010, Mon 4 Jan	1117	1134	1117	1133	1133		30.49	30.64	30.34	30.57	26.6
Source: Yahoo Finance.

 

Which of the following statements about the above table which is used to calculate Apple's equity beta is NOT correct?

(a) Adjusted closing prices add back dividends and reverse the effect of stock splits.

(b) Apple's effective annual total return between the market close on 2 January 2008 and 2 January 2009 was -0.534269 (=(24.22-11.28)/24.22).

(c) Sample variance of the S&P500's effective annual total returns over the 3 year period was 0.084452.

(d) Sample covariance of effective total annual returns between Apple and the S&P500 index over the 3 year period was 0.041131.

(e) Apple's equity beta of annual total returns over the 3 year period was 3.530767.

Question 576  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

What is the present value of a nominal payment of $1,000 in 4 years? The nominal discount rate is 8% pa and the inflation rate is 2% pa.

(a) $795.62

(b) $792.0937

(c) $735.0299

(d) $731.7721

(e) $683.0135

Question 577  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

What is the present value of a real payment of $500 in 2 years? The nominal discount rate is 7% pa and the inflation rate is 4% pa.

(a) $472.3557

(b) $471.298

(c) $436.7194

(d) $435.7415

(e) $405.8112

Question 578  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

Which of the following statements about inflation is NOT correct?

(a) Real returns approximately equal nominal returns less the inflation rate.

(b) Constant prices are the same as real prices.

(c) Current prices are the same as nominal prices.

(d) If your nominal wage grows by inflation, then your real wage won't change because you will be able to buy the same amount of goods and services as before.

(e) Interest rates advertised at the bank are usually quoted in real terms.

Question 604  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

Apples and oranges currently cost $1 each. Inflation is 5% pa, and apples and oranges are equally affected by this inflation rate. Note that when payments are not specified as real, as in this question, they're conventionally assumed to be nominal.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) A payment of $105 now has a real value of 105 apples or oranges now.

(b) A payment of $1 now has a real value of one apple or orange now.

(c) A payment of $105 in one year has a real value of 100 apples or oranges in one year.

(d) A payment of $105 in one year is worth $105 in real terms today.

(e) A payment of one apple now has a real value of one orange now.

Question 664  real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation, no explanation

What is the present value of real payments of $100 every year forever, with the first payment in one year? The nominal discount rate is 7% pa and the inflation rate is 4% pa.

(a) $3,466.6667

(b) $3,333.3333

(c) $3,205.1282

(d) $1,485.7143

(e) $1,428.5714

Question 727  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

The Australian Federal Government lends money to domestic students to pay for their university education. This is known as the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). The nominal interest rate on the HECS loan is set equal to the consumer price index (CPI) inflation rate. The interest is capitalised every year, which means that the interest is added to the principal. The interest and principal does not need to be repaid by students until they finish study and begin working.

Which of the following statements about HECS loans is NOT correct?

(a) The real interest rate is zero.

(b) The nominal amount owing on the loan will increase at the inflation rate over time, if there are no extra payments or borrowings.

(c) The real amount owing on the loan in today's money will remain the same over time, if there are no extra payments or borrowings.

(d) The interest rate on the HECS loan advantages rich domestic students because they are able to pay off their debt sooner and avoid paying as much HECS interest.

(e) The interest rate on the HECS loan advantages all domestic students because the alternative of borrowing from the bank to pay for education would usually attract a higher interest rate.

Question 728  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, income and capital returns, no explanation

Which of the following statements about gold is NOT correct? Assume that the gold price increases by inflation. Gold has a:

(a) Nil income cash flow.

(b) Real total return of zero.

(c) Real capital return equal to the inflation rate.

(d) Real income return of zero.

(e) Nominal income return of zero.

Question 732  real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation, income and capital returns

An investor bought a bond for $100 (at t=0) and one year later it paid its annual coupon of $1 (at t=1). Just after the coupon was paid, the bond price was $100.50 (at t=1). Inflation over the past year (from t=0 to t=1) was 3% pa, given as an effective annual rate.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? The bond investment produced a:

(a) Nominal income return of 1% pa ##\left( =\dfrac{1}{100} \right)##.

(b) Nominal capital return of 0.5% pa ##\left( =\dfrac{100.5-100}{100} \right)##.

(c) Nominal total return of 1.5% pa ##\left( =\dfrac{100.5-100+1}{100} \right)##.

(d) Real income return of 0.9708738% pa##\left( =\dfrac{ 1/(1+0.03)^1}{100} \right)##.

(e) Real capital return of 0.4854369% pa ##\left( =\dfrac{ (100.5-100)/(1+0.03)^1}{100} \right) ##.

Question 734  real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation, DDM, no explanation

An equities analyst is using the dividend discount model to price a company's shares. The company operates domestically and has no plans to expand overseas. It is part of a mature industry with stable positive growth prospects.

The analyst has estimated the real required return (r) of the stock and the value of the dividend that the stock just paid a moment before ##(C_\text{0 before})##.

What is the highest perpetual real growth rate of dividends (g) that can be justified? Select the most correct statement from the following choices. The highest perpetual real expected growth rate of dividends that can be justified is the country's expected:

(a) Inflation rate.

(b) Nominal GDP growth rate.

(c) Real GDP growth rate.

(d) Nominal total return on the share market index.

(e) Real total return on the share market index.

Question 739  real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation

There are a number of different formulas involving real and nominal returns and cash flows. Which one of the following formulas is NOT correct? All returns are effective annual rates. Note that the symbol ##\approx## means 'approximately equal to'.

(a) ##r_\text{real} \approx r_\text{nominal} - r_\text{inflation}##

(b) ##(1+r_\text{real})^t = \left( \dfrac{1+r_\text{nominal}}{1+r_\text{inflation}} \right)^t ##

(c) ##V_\text{t,real} = V_\text{t,nominal}.(1+r_\text{inflation})^t##

(d) ##V_\text{0} = \dfrac{V_\text{t,nominal}}{(1+r_\text{nominal})^t}##

(e) ##V_\text{0} = \dfrac{V_\text{t,real}}{(1+r_\text{real})^t}##

Question 740  real and nominal returns and cash flows, DDM, inflation

Taking inflation into account when using the DDM can be hard. Which of the following formulas will NOT give a company's current stock price ##(P_0)##? Assume that the annual dividend was just paid ##(C_0)##, and the next dividend will be paid in one year ##(C_1)##.

(a) ##P_0=\dfrac{C_\text{1,nominal}}{r_\text{nominal} - g_\text{nominal}}##

(b) ##P_0 =\dfrac{C_0 (1+g_\text{nominal} )^1}{r_\text{nominal} - g_\text{nominal}}##

(c) ##P_0=\dfrac{C_\text{1,real}}{r_\text{real} - g_\text{real}}##

(d) ##P_0=\dfrac{C_0 (1+r_\text{real})^1}{r_\text{real} - g_\text{real}}##

(e) ##P_0=\dfrac{C_0(1+r_\text{nominal} )^1}{r_\text{nominal} - g_\text{nominal}} - C_0##

Question 744  income and capital returns, real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation

If someone says "my shares rose by 10% last year", what do you assume that they mean? The effective annual:

(a) Historical nominal total return was 10%.

(b) Historical real total return was 10%.

(c) Expected nominal total return was 10%.

(d) Historical nominal capital return was 10%.

(e) Expected real dividend return was 10%.

Question 745  real and nominal returns and cash flows, inflation, income and capital returns

If the nominal gold price is expected to increase at the same rate as inflation which is 3% pa, which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) The nominal income return of gold is 0% pa.

(b) The nominal capital return of gold is 3% pa.

(c) The nominal total return of gold is 3% pa.

(d) The real income return of gold is -3% pa.

(e) The real capital return of gold is 0% pa.

Question 78  WACC, capital structure

A company issues a large amount of bonds to raise money for new projects of similar risk to the company's existing projects. The net present value (NPV) of the new projects is positive but small. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is NOT correct?

(a) The debt-to-assets (D/V) ratio will increase.

(b) The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) will increase.

(c) Firm value is likely to have increased due to the higher amount of interest tax shields, assuming that there will not be any costs of financial distress.

(d) The company's after-tax WACC is likely to have decreased.

(e) The company's before-tax WACC is likely to have decreased.

Question 91  WACC, capital structure

A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 50%. The firm then issues a large amount of equity to raise money for new projects of similar systematic risk to the company's existing projects. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is correct?

(a) The debt-to-assets (D/V) ratio will increase.

(b) The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) will increase.

(c) Firm value is likely to have increased due to the higher amount of interest tax shields, assuming that there will not be any costs of financial distress.

(d) The company's after-tax WACC is likely to stay the same.

(e) The company's before-tax WACC is likely to stay the same.

Question 113  WACC, CFFA, capital budgeting

The US firm Google operates in the online advertising business. In 2011 Google bought Motorola Mobility which manufactures mobile phones.

Assume the following:

• Google had a 10% after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) before it bought Motorola.
• Motorola had a 20% after-tax WACC before it merged with Google.
• Google and Motorola have the same level of gearing.
• Both companies operate in a classical tax system.

You are a manager at Motorola. You must value a project for making mobile phones. Which method(s) will give the correct valuation of the mobile phone manufacturing project? Select the most correct answer.

The mobile phone manufacturing project's:

(a) Unlevered CFFA should be discounted by Google's 10% WACC after tax.

(b) Unlevered CFFA should be discounted by Motorola's 20% WACC after tax.

(c) Levered CFFA should be discounted by Google's 10% WACC after tax.

(d) Levered CFFA should be discounted by Motorola's 20% WACC after tax.

(e) Unlevered CFFA by 15%, the average of Google and Motorola's WACC after tax.

Question 114  WACC, capital structure, risk

A firm's WACC before tax would decrease due to:

(a) the firm's industry becoming more systematically risky, for example if it was a mining company and commodities prices varied more strongly and were more positively correlated with the market portfolio.

(b) the firm's industry becoming less systematically risky, for example if it was a child care centre and the government announced permanently higher subsidies for parents' child care expenses.

(c) the firm issuing more debt and using the proceeds to repurchase stock.

(d) the firm issuing more equity and using the proceeds to pay off debt holders.

(e) none of the above.

Question 115  capital structure, leverage, WACC

A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 50%. The firm then issues a large amount of debt to raise money for new projects of similar market risk to the company's existing projects. Assume a classical tax system. Which statement is correct?

(a) The debt-to-assets (D/V) ratio will decrease.

(b) The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) will decrease.

(c) The firm's cost of equity will decrease.

(d) The company's after-tax WACC will decrease.

(e) The company's before-tax WACC will decrease.

Question 302  WACC, CAPM

Which of the following statements about the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is NOT correct?

(a) WACC before tax ##= r_D.\dfrac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\dfrac{E_L}{V_L}##

(b) WACC before tax ##= r_f + \beta_{VL}.(r_m - r_f)##

(c) WACC after tax ##= r_D.(1-t_c).\dfrac{D}{V_L} + r_{EL}.\dfrac{E_L}{V_L}##

(d) WACC after tax ##= r_f + \beta_{VL}.(r_m - r_f) - \dfrac{r_D.D.t_c}{V_L}##

(e) WACC after tax ##= r_f + \beta_{VL}.(r_m - r_f)##

Question 411  WACC, capital structure

A firm plans to issue equity and use the cash raised to pay off its debt. No assets will be bought or sold. Ignore the costs of financial distress.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct, all things remaining equal?

(a) The firm's WACC before tax will rise.

(b) The firm's WACC after tax will rise.

(c) The firm's required return on equity will be lower.

(d) The firm's net income will be higher.

(e) The firm's free cash flow will be lower.

Question 774  leverage, WACC, real estate

One year ago you bought a $1,000,000 house partly funded using a mortgage loan. The loan size was $800,000 and the other $200,000 was your wealth or 'equity' in the house asset.

The interest rate on the home loan was 4% pa.

Over the year, the house produced a net rental yield of 2% pa and a capital gain of 2.5% pa.

Assuming that all cash flows (interest payments and net rental payments) were paid and received at the end of the year, and all rates are given as effective annual rates, what was the total return on your wealth over the past year?

(a) 0.4808% pa

(b) 2% pa

(c) 4.5% pa

(d) 6.5% pa

(e) 8.5% pa

Hint: Remember that wealth in this context is your equity (E) in the house asset (V = D+E) which is funded by the loan (D) and your deposit or equity (E).

Question 936  CAPM, WACC, IRR

You work for XYZ company and you’ve been asked to evaluate a new project which has double the systematic risk of the company’s other projects.

You use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) formula and input the treasury yield ##(r_f )##, market risk premium ##(r_m-r_f )## and the company’s asset beta risk factor ##(\beta_{XYZ} )## into the CAPM formula which outputs a return.

This return that you’ve just found is:

(a) The IRR of the company’s new project.

(b) The required return of the company’s new project.

(c) The IRR of the company’s assets.

(d) The required return of the company’s assets.

(e) The IRR of the company’s equity.

Question 470  accounting ratio, no explanation

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) A firm's quick ratio will always be equal to or less than its current ratio.

(b) A firm will have positive net working capital if it has a current ratio that's greater than one.

(c) A firm's gross margin will be greater than or equal to its operating margin, which will be greater than or equal to its net profit margin.

(d) A firm's fixed asset turnover will be less than or equal to asset turnover.

(e) A firm's debt to equity ratio will always be greater than or equal to its debt to assets ratio.

Question 471  risk, accounting ratio

High risk firms in danger of bankruptcy tend to have:

(a) Low debt to assets ratios.

(b) High quick ratios.

(c) Low interest coverage ratios.

(d) Positive amounts of net working capital.

(e) High net profit margins.

Question 472  quick ratio, accounting ratio

A firm has current assets totaling $1.5b of which cash is $0.25b and inventories is $0.5b. Current liabilities total $2b of which accounts payable is $1b.

What is the firm's quick ratio, also known as the acid test ratio?

(a) 0%

(b) 25%

(c) 50%

(d) 75%

(e) 100%

Question 490  expected and historical returns, accounting ratio

Which of the following is NOT a synonym of 'required return'?

(a) total required yield

(b) cost of capital

(c) discount rate

(d) opportunity cost of capital

(e) accounting rate of return

Question 495  risk, accounting ratio, no explanation

High risk firms in danger of bankruptcy tend to have:

(a) Low debt to assets ratios.

(b) Low quick ratios.

(c) High interest coverage ratios.

(d) Positive amounts of net working capital.

(e) High net profit margins.

Question 506  leverage, accounting ratio

A firm has a debt-to-equity ratio of 25%. What is its debt-to-assets ratio?

(a) 20%

(b) 36%

(c) 60%

(d) 75%

(e) 93.75%

Question 507  leverage, accounting ratio

A firm has a debt-to-equity ratio of 60%. What is its debt-to-assets ratio?

(a) 64%

(b) 40%

(c) 37.5%

(d) 25%

(e) 6.25%

Question 663  leverage, accounting ratio

A firm has a debt-to-assets ratio of 20%. What is its debt-to-equity ratio?

(a) 20%

(b) 25%

(c) 60%

(d) 75%

(e) 80%

Question 799  LVR, leverage, accounting ratio

In the home loan market, the acronym LVR stands for Loan to Valuation Ratio. If you bought a house worth one million dollars, partly funded by an $800,000 home loan, then your LVR was 80%. The LVR is equivalent to which of the following ratios?

(a) Debt to equity ratio.

(b) Debt to assets ratio.

(c) Book to market ratio.

(d) Price to earnings ratio.

(e) Interest coverage ratio.

Question 845  accounting ratio, no explanation

Safe firms with low chances of bankruptcy will tend to have:

(a) Low current ratios.

(b) Low interest coverage ratios.

(c) High quick ratios.

(d) High debt-to-assets ratios.

(e) High amounts of leverage.

Question 983  corporate financial decision theory, DuPont formula, accounting ratio

A company manager is thinking about the firm's book assets-to-equity ratio, also called the 'equity multiplier' in the DuPont formula:

###\text{Equity multiplier} = \dfrac{\text{Total Assets}}{\text{Owners' Equity}}###

What's the name of the decision that the manager is thinking about? In other words, the assets-to-equity ratio is the main subject of what decision?

(a) Investment decision.

(b) Financing decision.

(c) Working capital decision.

(d) Payout policy decision.

(e) Capital or labour decision.

Note: DuPont formula for analysing book return on equity:

###\begin{aligned} \text{ROE} &= \dfrac{\text{Net Profit}}{\text{Sales}} \times \dfrac{\text{Sales}}{\text{Total Assets}} \times \dfrac{\text{Total Assets}}{\text{Owners' Equity}} \\ &= \text{Net profit margin} \times \text{Total asset turnover} \times \text{Equity multiplier} \\ \end{aligned}###

Question 74  WACC, capital structure, CAPM

A firm's weighted average cost of capital before tax (##r_\text{WACC before tax}##) would increase due to:

(a) The firm issuing more debt and using the proceeds to repurchase stock.

(b) The firm issuing more equity and using the proceeds to pay off debt holders.

(c) The firm's industry becoming more systematically risky, for example if it was a mining company whose performance became more sensitive to countries' GDP growth, so the correlation of the firm's returns with the market was higher.

(d) The firm's industry becoming less systematically risky, for example if it was a child care centre and the government announced higher subsidies for parents using child care centres, so the correlation of the firm's returns with the market was lower.

(e) None of the above.

Question 68  WACC, CFFA, capital budgeting

A manufacturing company is considering a new project in the more risky services industry. The cash flows from assets (CFFA) are estimated for the new project, with interest expense excluded from the calculations. To get the levered value of the project, what should these unlevered cash flows be discounted by?

Assume that the manufacturing firm has a target debt-to-assets ratio that it sticks to.

(a) The manufacturing firm's before-tax WACC.

(b) The manufacturing firm's after-tax WACC.

(c) A services firm's before-tax WACC, assuming that the services firm has the same debt-to-assets ratio as the manufacturing firm.

(d) A services firm's after-tax WACC, assuming that the services firm has the same debt-to-assets ratio as the manufacturing firm.

(e) The services firm's levered cost of equity.

Question 89  WACC, CFFA, interest tax shield

A retail furniture company buys furniture wholesale and distributes it through its retail stores. The owner believes that she has some good ideas for making stylish new furniture. She is considering a project to buy a factory and employ workers to manufacture the new furniture she's designed. Furniture manufacturing has more systematic risk than furniture retailing.

Her furniture retailing firm's after-tax WACC is 20%. Furniture manufacturing firms have an after-tax WACC of 30%. Both firms are optimally geared. Assume a classical tax system.

Which method(s) will give the correct valuation of the new furniture-making project? Select the most correct answer.

(a) Discount the project's unlevered CFFA by the furniture manufacturing firms' 30% WACC after tax.

(b) Discount the project's unlevered CFFA by the company's 20% WACC after tax.

(c) Discount the project's levered CFFA by the company's 20% WACC after tax.

(d) Discount the project's levered CFFA by the furniture manufacturing firms' 30% WACC after tax.

(e) The methods outlined in answers (a) and (c) will give the same valuations, both are correct.

Question 173  CFFA

Find Candys Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.

Candys Corp
Income Statement for
year ending 30th June 2013
	$m
Sales	200
COGS	50
Operating expense	10
Depreciation	20
Interest expense	10
Income before tax	110
Tax at 30%	33
Net income	77

Candys Corp
Balance Sheet
as at 30th June	2013	2012
	$m	$m
Assets
Current assets	220	180
PPE
Cost	300	340
Accumul. depr.	60	40
Carrying amount	240	300
Total assets	460	480
Liabilities
Current liabilities	175	190
Non-current liabilities	135	130
Owners' equity
Retained earnings	50	60
Contributed equity	100	100
Total L and OE	460	480

 

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

(a) 242

(b) 182

(c) 112

(d) 92

(e) 52

Question 176  CFFA

Why is Capital Expenditure (CapEx) subtracted in the Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) formula?

###CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \Delta NWC+IntExp###

(a) CapEx is added in the Net Income (NI) equation so it needs subtracting in the CFFA equation.

(b) CapEx is a financing cash flow that needs to be ignored. Therefore it should be subtracted.

(c) CapEx is not a cash flow, it's a non-cash expense made up by accountants that needs to be subtracted.

(d) CapEx is subtracted to account for the net cash spent on capital assets.

(e) CapEx is subtracted because it's too hard to predict, therefore we exclude it.

Question 188  CFFA

Find Trademark Corporation's Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA), also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF), over the year ending 30th June 2013.

Trademark Corp
Income Statement for
year ending 30th June 2013
	$m
Sales	100
COGS	25
Operating expense	5
Depreciation	20
Interest expense	20
Income before tax	30
Tax at 30%	9
Net income	21

Trademark Corp
Balance Sheet
as at 30th June	2013	2012
	$m	$m
Assets
Current assets	120	80
PPE
Cost	150	140
Accumul. depr.	60	40
Carrying amount	90	100
Total assets	210	180
Liabilities
Current liabilities	75	65
Non-current liabilities	75	55
Owners' equity
Retained earnings	10	10
Contributed equity	50	50
Total L and OE	210	180

 

Note: all figures are given in millions of dollars ($m).

(a) -19

(b) 21

(c) 41

(d) 61

(e) 121

Question 205  depreciation tax shield, CFFA

There are a number of ways that assets can be depreciated. Generally the government's tax office stipulates a certain method.

But if it didn't, what would be the ideal way to depreciate an asset from the perspective of a businesses owner?

(a) 'Straight line' or 'prime cost' depreciation, which allocates equal depreciation expenses over each year of the asset's life.

(b) 'Diminishing value' or 'reducing balance' depreciation, which allocates more depreciation expense at the start of the asset's life and less towards the end.

(c) No depreciation at all, so the asset is always kept on the books as being the same value that it was bought for. The asset will cause no depreciation expense in any year.

(d) Allocating all of the depreciation expense to the final year of the asset's life.

(e) Allocating all of the depreciation expense to the first year of the asset's life. Accountants would call this 'expensing' the asset, rather than 'capitalising' it and depreciating it slowly.

Question 223  CFFA, interest tax shield

Which one of the following will increase the Cash Flow From Assets in this year for a tax-paying firm, all else remaining constant?

(a) An increase in net capital spending.

(b) A decrease in the cash flow to creditors.

(c) An increase in interest expense.

(d) An increase in net working capital.

(e) A decrease in dividends paid.

Question 224  CFFA

Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) can be defined as:

(a) Cash available to distribute to creditors and stockholders.

(b) Cash flow to creditors minus cash flow to stockholders.

(c) Net income (or earnings) plus depreciation plus interest expense.

(d) Net income minus the increase in net working capital.

(e) Net income minus net capital spending minus the increase in net working capital.

Question 225  CFFA

A firm has forecast its Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA) for this year and management is worried that it is too low. Which one of the following actions will lead to a higher CFFA for this year (t=0 to 1)? Only consider cash flows this year. Do not consider cash flows after one year, or the change in the NPV of the firm. Consider each action in isolation.

(a) Buy less land, buildings and trucks than what was planned. Assume that this has no impact on revenue.

(b) Pay off more debt than was planned, to reduce the firm’s interest expense.

(c) Change the depreciation method used for tax purposes from diminishing value to straight line, so less depreciation occurs this year and more occurs in later years. Assume that the government’s tax department allow this.

(d) Buying more inventory than was planned, so there is an increase in net working capital. Assume that there is no increase in sales.

(e) Raising new equity through a rights issue. Assume that all of the money raised is spent on new capital assets such as land and trucks, but they will be fitted out and delivered in one year so no new cash will be earned from them.

Question 238  CFFA, leverage, interest tax shield

A company increases the proportion of debt funding it uses to finance its assets by issuing bonds and using the cash to repurchase stock, leaving assets unchanged.

Ignoring the costs of financial distress, which of the following statements is NOT correct:

(a) The company is increasing its debt-to-assets and debt-to-equity ratios. These are types of 'leverage' or 'gearing' ratios.

(b) The company will pay less tax to the government due to the benefit of interest tax shields.

(c) The company's net income, also known as earnings or net profit after tax, will fall.

(d) The company's expected levered firm free cash flow (FFCF or CFFA) will be higher due to tax shields.

(e) The company's expected levered equity free cash flow (EFCF) will not change.

Question 273  CFFA, capital budgeting

Value the following business project to manufacture a new product.

Project Data
Project life	2 yrs
Initial investment in equipment	$6m
Depreciation of equipment per year	$3m
Expected sale price of equipment at end of project	$0.6m
Unit sales per year	4m
Sale price per unit	$8
Variable cost per unit	$5
Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year	$1m
Interest expense per year	0
Tax rate	30%
Weighted average cost of capital after tax per annum	10%

Notes

1. The firm's current assets and current liabilities are $3m and $2m respectively right now. This net working capital will not be used in this project, it will be used in other unrelated projects.
   Due to the project, current assets (mostly inventory) will grow by $2m initially (at t = 0), and then by $0.2m at the end of the first year (t=1).
   Current liabilities (mostly trade creditors) will increase by $0.1m at the end of the first year (t=1).
   At the end of the project, the net working capital accumulated due to the project can be sold for the same price that it was bought.
2. The project cost $0.5m to research which was incurred one year ago.

Assumptions

• All cash flows occur at the start or end of the year as appropriate, not in the middle or throughout the year.
• All rates and cash flows are real. The inflation rate is 3% pa.
• All rates are given as effective annual rates.
• The business considering the project is run as a 'sole tradership' (run by an individual without a company) and is therefore eligible for a 50% capital gains tax discount when the equipment is sold, as permitted by the Australian Tax Office.

What is the expected net present value (NPV) of the project?

(a) $5.2m

(b) $8.481735m

(c) $8.743802m

(d) $8.991736m

(e) $9.719008m

Question 239  income and capital returns, inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, interest only loan

A bank grants a borrower an interest-only residential mortgage loan with a very large 50% deposit and a nominal interest rate of 6% that is not expected to change. Assume that inflation is expected to be a constant 2% pa over the life of the loan. Ignore credit risk.

From the bank's point of view, what is the long term expected nominal capital return of the loan asset?

(a) Approximately 6%.

(b) Approximately 4%.

(c) Approximately 2%.

(d) Approximately 0%.

(e) Approximately -2%.

Question 342  CFFA, capital budgeting

A new company's Firm Free Cash Flow (FFCF, same as CFFA) is forecast in the graph below.

To value the firm's assets, the terminal value needs to be calculated using the perpetuity with growth formula:

###V_{\text{terminal, }t-1} = \dfrac{FFCF_{\text{terminal, }t}}{r-g}###

Which point corresponds to the best time to calculate the terminal value?

(a) Point A.

(b) Point B.

(c) Point C.

(d) Any of the points.

(e) None of the points.

Question 343  CFFA, capital budgeting

An old company's Firm Free Cash Flow (FFCF, same as CFFA) is forecast in the graph below.

To value the firm's assets, the terminal value needs to be calculated using the perpetuity with growth formula:

###V_{\text{terminal, }t-1} = \dfrac{FFCF_{\text{terminal, }t}}{r-g}###

Which point corresponds to the best time to calculate the terminal value?

(a) Point A.

(b) Point B.

(c) Point C.

(d) Any of the points.

(e) None of the points.

Question 344  CFFA, capital budgeting

A new company's Firm Free Cash Flow (FFCF, same as CFFA) is forecast in the graph below.

To value the firm's assets, the terminal value needs to be calculated using the perpetuity with growth formula:

###V_{\text{terminal, }t-1} = \dfrac{FFCF_{\text{terminal, }t}}{r-g}###

Which point corresponds to the best time to calculate the terminal value?

(a) Point A.

(b) Point B.

(c) Point C.

(d) Any of the points.

(e) None of the points.

Question 461  book and market values, ROE, ROA, market efficiency

One year ago a pharmaceutical firm floated by selling its 1 million shares for $100 each. Its book and market values of equity were both $100m. Its debt totalled $50m. The required return on the firm's assets was 15%, equity 20% and debt 5% pa.

In the year since then, the firm:

• Earned net income of $29m.
• Paid dividends totaling $10m.
• Discovered a valuable new drug that will lead to a massive 1,000 times increase in the firm's net income in 10 years after the research is commercialised. News of the discovery was publicly announced. The firm's systematic risk remains unchanged.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct? All statements are about current figures, not figures one year ago.

(a) The book value of equity would be larger than the market value of equity.

(b) The book ROA from accounting would be larger than the required return on assets from finance.

(c) The book ROE from accounting would be larger than the required return on equity from finance.

(d) The book ROE would be larger than the book ROA.

(e) The required return on equity would be larger than the required return on assets.

Hint: Book return on assets (ROA) and book return on equity (ROE) are ratios that accountants like to use to measure a business's past performance.

###\text{ROA}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of assets}}###

###\text{ROE}= \dfrac{\text{Net income}}{\text{Book value of equity}}###

The required return on assets ##r_V## is a return that financiers like to use to estimate a business's future required performance which compensates them for the firm's assets' risks. If the business were to achieve realised historical returns equal to its required returns, then investment into the business's assets would have been a zero-NPV decision, which is neither good nor bad but fair.

###r_\text{V, 0 to 1}= \dfrac{\text{Cash flow from assets}_\text{1}}{\text{Market value of assets}_\text{0}} = \dfrac{CFFA_\text{1}}{V_\text{0}}###

Similarly for equity and debt.

Question 289  DDM, expected and historical returns, ROE

In the dividend discount model:

###P_0 = \dfrac{C_1}{r-g}###

The return ##r## is supposed to be the:

(a) Expected future total return of the market price of equity.

(b) Expected future total return of the book price of equity.

(c) Actual historical total return on the market price of equity.

(d) Actual historical total return on the book price of equity.

(e) Actual historical return on equity (ROE) defined as (Net Income / Owners Equity).

Question 165  DDM, PE ratio, payout ratio

For certain shares, the forward-looking Price-Earnings Ratio (##P_0/EPS_1##) is equal to the inverse of the share's total expected return (##1/r_\text{total}##). For what shares is this true?

Use the general accounting definition of 'payout ratio' which is dividends per share (DPS) divided by earnings per share (EPS) and assume that all cash flows, earnings and rates are real rather than nominal.

A company's forward-looking PE ratio will be the inverse of its total expected return on equity when it has a:

(a) 100% payout ratio and high expected growth in earnings and dividends.

(b) 100% payout ratio and negative expected growth in earnings and dividends.

(c) 100% payout ratio and no expected growth in earnings or dividends.

(d) 0% payout ratio and no expected growth in earnings or dividends.

(e) 0% payout ratio and negative expected growth in earnings and dividends.

Question 341  Multiples valuation, PE ratio

Estimate Microsoft's (MSFT) share price using a price earnings (PE) multiples approach with the following assumptions and figures only:

• Apple, Google and Microsoft are comparable companies,
• Apple's (AAPL) share price is $526.24 and historical EPS is $40.32.
• Google's (GOOG) share price is $1,215.65 and historical EPS is $36.23.
• Micrsoft's (MSFT) historical earnings per share (EPS) is $2.71.

Source: Google Finance 28 Feb 2014.

(a) $63.15

(b) $61.67

(c) $30.83

(d) $28.25

(e) $8.60

Question 354  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Which firms tend to have low forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios?

Only consider firms with positive earnings, disregard firms with negative earnings and therefore negative PE ratios.

(a) Illiquid small private companies.

(b) High growth technology firms.

(c) Firms expected to have temporarily low earnings over the next year, but with higher earnings later.

(d) Firms with a very low level of systematic risk.

(e) Firms whose assets include a very large proportion of cash.

Question 357  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Which of the following investable assets are NOT suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

(a) Common equity in a listed public mining extraction company that will cease operations, wind up, and return all capital to shareholders in one year when its sole gold mine becomes depleted.

(b) Common equity in a small private owner-operated mining services company whose main asset is its sole tanker truck which delivers fuel to mines. The firm's shares are 100% owned by Bob, the driver of the tanker truck.

(c) Common equity in a large listed public company in the banking industry.

(d) Residential apartment real estate.

(e) Commercial warehouse real estate.

Question 364  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Which firms tend to have high forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios?

(a) Illiquid small private companies.

(b) Exchange-listed companies operating in stagnant industries with negative growth prospects.

(c) Exchange-listed companies expected to have temporarily high earnings over the next year, but with lower earnings later.

(d) Exchange-listed companies operating in high-risk industries with very high required returns on equity.

(e) Exchange-listed companies whose assets include a very large proportion of cash.

Question 402  PE ratio, no explanation

Which of the following companies is most suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

(a) A company with positive earnings that does not have any comparable firms.

(b) A company with positive earnings that has comparable firms with positive earnings.

(c) A company with positive earnings that has comparable firms with negative earnings.

(d) A company with negative earnings that has comparable firms with negative earnings.

(e) A company with negative earnings that has comparable firms with positive earnings.

Question 403  PE ratio, no explanation

Which of the following investable assets is the LEAST suitable for valuation using PE multiples techniques?

(a) Common equity in a small private company.

(b) Common equity in a listed public company.

(c) Commercial real estate.

(d) Ten year commercial real estate lease.

(e) Residential real estate.

Question 414  PE ratio, pay back period, no explanation

A mature firm has constant expected future earnings and dividends. Both amounts are equal. So earnings and dividends are expected to be equal and unchanging.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) This firm's expected capital return equals zero.

(b) This firm's expected total return and income return are equal.

(c) This firm's forward looking PE ratio will equal the inverse of the firm's expected income return.

(d) This firm's forward looking PE ratio will equal the inverse of the firm's expected capital return.

(e) This firm's forward looking PE ratio is equal to the expected payback period, which is the time it will take for the sum of the cash flows to equal the share price.

Question 457  PE ratio, Multiples valuation

Which firms tend to have low forward-looking price-earnings (PE) ratios? Only consider firms with positive PE ratios.

(a) Highly liquid publically listed firms.

(b) Firms in a declining industry with very low or negative earnings growth.

(c) Firms expected to have temporarily low earnings over the next year, but with higher earnings later.

(d) Firms whose returns have a very low level of systematic risk.

(e) Firms whose assets include a very large proportion of cash.

Question 468  PE ratio

A firm has 1 million shares which trade at a price of $30 each. The firm is expected to announce earnings of $3 million at the end of the year and pay an annual dividend of $1.50 per share.

What is the firm's (forward looking) price/earnings (PE) ratio?

(a) 20

(b) 10

(c) 3

(d) 2

(e) 0.5

Question 474  PE ratio

The below screenshot of Commonwealth Bank of Australia's (CBA) details were taken from the Google Finance website on 7 Nov 2014. Some information has been deliberately blanked out.

What was CBA's backwards-looking price-earnings ratio?

(a)17.06

(b) 0.063

(c) 15.88

(d) 3.21

(e) 8.44

Question 905  market capitalisation of equity, PE ratio, payout ratio

The below graph shows the computer software company Microsoft's stock price (MSFT) at the market close on the NASDAQ on Friday 1 June 2018.

Based on the screenshot above, which of the following statements about MSFT is NOT correct? MSFT's:

(a) Earnings per share (EPS) is $3.60.

(b) Dividend per share is $1.68.

(c) Payout ratio is 53.27%.

(d) The market value of equity is $774.39 billion.

(e) Number of shares outstanding is 7.68 billion.

Question 127  interest expense

A zero coupon bond that matures in 6 months has a face value of $1,000.

The firm that issued this bond is trying to forecast its income statement for the year. It needs to calculate the interest expense of the bond this year.

The bond is highly illiquid and hasn't traded on the market. But the finance department have assessed the bond's fair value to be $950 and this is its book value right now at the start of the year.

Assume that:

• the firm uses the 'effective interest method' to calculate interest expense.
• the market value of the bond is the same as the book value.
• the firm is only interested in this bond's interest expense. Do not include the interest expense for a new bond issued to refinance the current one, as would normally happen.

What will be the interest expense of the bond this year for the purpose of forecasting the income statement?

(a) $0

(b) $50.0000

(c) $51.3158

(d) $102.6316

(e) $1,000.0000

Question 771  debt terminology, interest expense, interest tax shield, credit risk, no explanation

You deposit money into a bank account. Which of the following statements about this deposit is NOT correct?

(a) You have a debt asset.

(b) The bank sold you its promise to pay back interest and principal payments.

(c) The bank is exposed to your credit risk, it’s afraid that you’ll default on your debt.

(d) The interest income you’re paid is taxable income for you.

(e) The interest expense that the bank pays is tax-deductible for the bank.

Question 69  interest tax shield, capital structure, leverage, WACC

Which statement about risk, required return and capital structure is the most correct?

(a) The before-tax cost of debt is less than the before-tax cost of equity. Therefore debt is a cheaper form of financing than equity so companies should try to finance their projects with debt only.

(b) Debt makes a firm's equity more risky. Therefore the higher the amount of debt, the higher the cost of equity.

(c) The more debt a firm has, the higher its tax shields. Therefore firms should seek to have as much debt and as little equity as possible.

(d) The more debt, the lower the firm's after tax WACC. The after tax WACC is the discount rate that discounts the firm's cash flows, so the lower it is the more the firm is worth. Therefore firms should try to make their after tax WACC as low as possible by using as much debt as possible.

(e) The less debt, the lower the chance of bankruptcy. Therefore firms should try to pay off all of their debt so that they are financed by equity only.

Question 95  interest tax shield

The equations for Net Income (NI, also known as Earnings or Net Profit After Tax) and Cash Flow From Assets (CFFA, also known as Free Cash Flow to the Firm) per year are:

###NI=(Rev-COGS-FC-Depr-IntExp).(1-t_c)###

###CFFA=NI+Depr-CapEx - \varDelta NWC+IntExp###

For a firm with debt, what is the formula for the present value of interest tax shields if the tax shields occur in perpetuity?

You may assume:

• the value of debt (D) is constant through time,
• The cost of debt and the yield on debt are equal and given by ##r_D##.
• the appropriate rate to discount interest tax shields is ##r_D##.
• ##\text{IntExp}=D.r_D##

(a) ##D.t_c##

(b) ##D.r_D/t_c ##

(c) ##D.r_D.(1-t_c)##

(d) ##D.r_D/(1-t_c)##

(e) ##D.r_D.(t_c-1)##

Question 49  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, APR, effective rate

In Australia, nominal yields on semi-annual coupon paying Government Bonds with 2 years until maturity are currently 2.83% pa.

The inflation rate is currently 2.2% pa, given as an APR compounding per quarter. The inflation rate is not expected to change over the next 2 years.

What is the real yield on these bonds, given as an APR compounding every 6 months?

(a) 0.3086%

(b) 0.6171%

(c) 0.6181%

(d) 0.6239%

(e) 0.6300%

Question 50  DDM, stock pricing, inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

Most listed Australian companies pay dividends twice per year, the 'interim' and 'final' dividends, which are roughly 6 months apart.

You are an equities analyst trying to value the company BHP. You decide to use the Dividend Discount Model (DDM) as a starting point, so you study BHP's dividend history and you find that BHP tends to pay the same interim and final dividend each year, and that both grow by the same rate.

You expect BHP will pay a $0.55 interim dividend in six months and a $0.55 final dividend in one year. You expect each to grow by 4% next year and forever, so the interim and final dividends next year will be $0.572 each, and so on in perpetuity.

Assume BHP's cost of equity is 8% pa. All rates are quoted as nominal effective rates. The dividends are nominal cash flows and the inflation rate is 2.5% pa.

What is the current price of a BHP share?

(a) $57.1734

(b) $28.0394

(c) $27.7723

(d) $27.5000

(e) $27.2330

Question 64  inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, APR, effective rate

In Germany, nominal yields on semi-annual coupon paying Government Bonds with 2 years until maturity are currently 0.04% pa.

The inflation rate is currently 1.4% pa, given as an APR compounding per quarter. The inflation rate is not expected to change over the next 2 years.

What is the real yield on these bonds, given as an APR compounding every 6 months?

(a) -1.3529627%

(b) -0.4977348%

(c) 0.4977348%

(d) 1.3529627%

(e) 1.3621776%

Question 353  income and capital returns, inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, real estate

A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 6% pa and nominal capital return of 3% pa.

Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.

What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order.

(a) 3.9216%, 2.9412%, 0.9804%.

(b) 3.9216%, 0.9804%, 2.9412%.

(c) 3.9216%, 0.9804%, 0.9804%.

(d) 1.9804%, 1.0000%, 0.9804%.

(e) 1.9608%, 0.9804%, 0.9804%.

Question 363  income and capital returns, inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows, real estate

A residential investment property has an expected nominal total return of 8% pa and nominal capital return of 3% pa.

Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.

What are the property's expected real total, capital and income returns? The answer choices below are given in the same order.

(a) 5.8824%, 0.9804%, 4.902%.

(b) 5.8824%, 0.9804%, 2.9412%.

(c) 4.0000%, 1.0000%, 3.0000%.

(d) 3.9412%, 1.0000%, 2.9412%.

(e) 3.9216%, 0.9804%, 2.9412%.

Question 407  income and capital returns, inflation, real and nominal returns and cash flows

A stock has a real expected total return of 7% pa and a real expected capital return of 2% pa.

Inflation is expected to be 2% pa. All rates are given as effective annual rates.

What is the nominal expected total return, capital return and dividend yield? The answers below are given in the same order.

(a) 11.100%, 4.000%, 7.100%.

(b) 11.140%, 4.040%, 7.100%.

(c) 4.902%, 0.000%, 4.902%.

(d) 9.140%, 4.040%, 5.100%.

(e) 9.140%, 4.040%, 7.100%.

Question 844  gross domestic product deflator, consumer price index, inflation, no explanation

An Australian-owned company produces milk in New Zealand and exports all of it to China. If the price of the milk increases, which of the following would increase?

(a) Australia’s GDP deflator.

(b) Australia’s CPI.

(c) New Zealand’s CPI.

(d) China’s GDP deflator.

(e) China’s CPI.

Question 852  gross domestic product, inflation, employment, no explanation

When the economy is booming (in an upswing), you tend to see:

(a) Low unemployment rates.

(b) Low inflation rates.

(c) Low GDP growth rates.

(d) Low wage growth rates.

(e) Low labour force participation rates.

Question 3  DDM, income and capital returns

The following equation is called the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), Gordon Growth Model or the perpetuity with growth formula: ### P_0 = \frac{ C_1 }{ r - g } ###

What is ##g##? The value ##g## is the long term expected:

(a) Income return of the stock.

(b) Capital return of the stock.

(c) Total return of the stock.

(d) Dividend yield of the stock.

(e) Price-earnings ratio of the stock.

Question 960  DDM, stock pricing

You are an equities analyst trying to value the equity of the Australian supermarket conglomerate Woolworths, with ticker WOW. In Australia, listed companies like Woolworths tend to pay dividends every 6 months. The payment around September is the final dividend and the payment around March is called the interim dividend. Both occur annually.

• Today is mid-November 2018.
• WOW's last final dividend of $0.50 was two months ago in mid-September 2018.
• WOW's last interim dividend of $0.43 was eight months ago in mid-March 2018.
• Judging by the dividend history and WOW's prospects, you judge that the growth rate in the dividends will be 3% pa forever.
• Assume that WOW's total cost of equity is 6.5% pa. All rates are quoted as nominal effective rates.
• The dividends are nominal cash flows and the inflation rate is 2.5% pa.

What should be the current share price of WOW?

(a) $28.511766

(b) $28.066400

(c) $27.839257

(d) $27.655693

(e) $27.368571

Question 940  CAPM, DDM

A stock has a beta of 1.2. Its next dividend is expected to be $20, paid one year from now.

Dividends are expected to be paid annually and grow by 1.5% pa forever.

Treasury bonds yield 3% pa and the market portfolio's expected return is 7% pa. All returns are effective annual rates.

What is the price of the stock now?

(a) $256.41

(b) $317.46

(c) $363.64

(d) $416.67

(e) $1,333.33

Question 935  real estate, NPV, perpetuity with growth, multi stage growth model, DDM

You're thinking of buying an investment property that costs $1,000,000. The property's rent revenue over the next year is expected to be $50,000 pa and rent expenses are $20,000 pa, so net rent cash flow is $30,000. Assume that net rent is paid annually in arrears, so this next expected net rent cash flow of $30,000 is paid one year from now.

The year after, net rent is expected to fall by 2% pa. So net rent at year 2 is expected to be $29,400 (=30,000*(1-0.02)^1).

The year after that, net rent is expected to rise by 1% pa. So net rent at year 3 is expected to be $29,694 (=30,000*(1-0.02)^1*(1+0.01)^1).

From year 3 onwards, net rent is expected to rise at 2.5% pa forever. So net rent at year 4 is expected to be $30,436.35 (=30,000*(1-0.02)^1*(1+0.01)^1*(1+0.025)^1).

Assume that the total required return on your investment property is 6% pa. Ignore taxes. All returns are given as effective annual rates.

What is the net present value (NPV) of buying the investment property?

(a) $1,190,459.24

(b) $809,540.76

(c) $768,212.01

(d) -$231,787.99

(e) -$190,459.24

Question 780  mispriced asset, NPV, DDM, market efficiency, no explanation

A company advertises an investment costing $1,000 which they say is under priced. They say that it has an expected total return of 15% pa, but a required return of only 10% pa. Of the 15% pa total expected return, the dividend yield is expected to be 4% pa and the capital yield 11% pa. Assume that the company's statements are correct.

What is the NPV of buying the investment if the 15% total return lasts for the next 100 years (t=0 to 100), then reverts to 10% after that time? Also, what is the NPV of the investment if the 15% return lasts forever?

In both cases, assume that the required return of 10% remains constant, the dividends can only be re-invested at 10% pa and all returns are given as effective annual rates. The answer choices below are given in the same order (15% for 100 years, and 15% forever):

(a) $7,359.46, Infinite

(b) $4,887.57, $10,000

(c) $1,786.35, -$5,000 (Note the negative sign)

(d) $1,471.89, $830.28

(e) $830.28, $3,000

Question 763  multi stage growth model, DDM

A stock is expected to pay its first dividend of $20 in 3 years (t=3), which it will continue to pay for the next nine years, so there will be ten $20 payments altogether with the last payment in year 12 (t=12).

From the thirteenth year onward, the dividend is expected to be 4% more than the previous year, forever. So the dividend in the thirteenth year (t=13) will be $20.80, then $21.632 in year 14, and so on forever. The required return of the stock is 10% pa. All rates are effective annual rates. Calculate the current (t=0) stock price.

(a) $202.7888

(b) $212.0218

(c) $233.35

(d) $448.2298

(e) $469.558

Question 748  income and capital returns, DDM, ex dividend date

A stock will pay you a dividend of $2 tonight if you buy it today.

Thereafter the annual dividend is expected to grow by 3% pa, so the next dividend after the $2 one tonight will be $2.06 in one year, then in two years it will be $2.1218 and so on. The stock's required return is 8% pa.

What is the stock price today and what do you expect the stock price to be tomorrow, approximately?

(a) $40 tonight and $38 tomorrow.

(b) $41.2 tonight and $39.2 tomorrow.

(c) $41.2 tonight and $43.2 tomorrow.

(d) $43.2 tonight and $41.2 tomorrow.

(e) $45.2 tonight and $43.2 tomorrow.

Question 731  DDM, income and capital returns

In the dividend discount model (DDM), share prices fall when dividends are paid. Let the high price before the fall be called the peak, and the low price after the fall be called the trough.

###P_0=\dfrac{C_1}{r-g}###

Which of the following statements about the DDM is NOT correct?

(a) In between dividends, the stock price is expected to grow by the total return ‘r’.

(b) From trough to trough, the stock price is expected to grow by the capital return ‘g’.

(c) From peak to peak, the stock price is expected to grow by the capital return ‘g’.

(d) Dividends are expected to grow by the total return ‘r’.

(e) If the stock’s dividends are re-invested by using the cash to buy more stocks, then the growth rate of the shareholder’s wealth will be the total return ‘r’.

Question 730  DDM, income and capital returns, no explanation

A stock’s current price is $1. Its expected total return is 10% pa and its long term expected capital return is 4% pa. It pays an annual dividend and the next one will be paid in one year. All rates are given as effective annual rates. The dividend discount model is thought to be a suitable model for the stock. Ignore taxes. Which of the following statements about the stock is NOT correct?

(a) The expected dividend yield is 6% pa.

(b) The expected growth rate of the dividend is 4% pa.

(c) The dividend in one year is expected to be $0.06.

(d) The price is expected to be $1.06 in one year, just before the dividend is paid.

(e) The price is expected to be $1.04 in one year, just after the dividend is paid.

Question 630  mispriced asset, NPV, DDM, market efficiency

A company advertises an investment costing $1,000 which they say is underpriced. They say that it has an expected total return of 15% pa, but a required return of only 10% pa. Of the 15% pa total expected return, the dividend yield is expected to always be 7% pa and rest is the capital yield.

Assuming that the company's statements are correct, what is the NPV of buying the investment if the 15% total return lasts for the next 100 years (t=0 to 100), then reverts to 10% after that time? Also, what is the NPV of the investment if the 15% return lasts forever?

In both cases, assume that the required return of 10% remains constant, the dividends can only be re-invested at 10% pa and all returns are given as effective annual rates.

The answer choices below are given in the same order (15% for 100 years, and 15% forever):

(a) 84,214.90,   Infinite

(b)  2,521.12,   3,000

(c)  2,100.93,   2,500

(d)  1,249.38,   1,333.33

(e)          0,               0

Question 547  PE ratio, Multiples valuation, DDM, income and capital returns, no explanation

A firm pays out all of its earnings as dividends. Because of this, the firm has no real growth in earnings, dividends or stock price since there is no re-investment back into the firm to buy new assets and make higher earnings. The dividend discount model is suitable to value this company.

The firm's revenues and costs are expected to increase by inflation in the foreseeable future. The firm has no debt. It operates in the services industry and has few physical assets so there is negligible depreciation expense and negligible net working capital required.

Which of the following statements about this firm's PE ratio is NOT correct? The PE ratio should:

(a) Equal the inverse of the firm's nominal income return.

(b) Equal the inverse of the firm's real total return.

(c) Equal the inverse of the firm's real capital return.

(d) Equal the expected payback period of an investor who intends to buy the firm's equity at the current price.

(e) Be lower than that of faster growing firms that pay lower dividends and re-invest in themselves.

Note: The inverse of x is 1/x.

Question 939  CAPM, systematic and idiosyncratic risk

A common phrase heard in financial markets is that ‘high risk investments deserve high returns’. To make this statement consistent with the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), a high amount of what specific type of risk deserves a high return?

Investors deserve high returns when they buy assets with high:

(a) Systematic risk.

(b) Diversifiable risk.

(c) Total risk.

(d) Credit risk.

(e) Foreign exchange risk.

Question 938  CAPM, SML

The market's expected total return is 10% pa and the risk free rate is 5% pa, both given as effective annual rates.

A stock has a beta of 0.7.

In the last 5 minutes, bad economic news was released showing a higher chance of recession. Over this time the share market fell by 2%. The risk free rate was unchanged. What do you think was the stock's historical return over the last 5 minutes, given as an effective 5 minute rate?

(a) -8.5%

(b) -2.7%

(c) -2%

(d) -1.4%

(e) 0.1%

Question 937  CAPM, SML

The market's expected total return is 10% pa and the risk free rate is 5% pa, both given as effective annual rates.

A stock has a beta of 0.7.

What do you think will be the stock's expected return over the next year, given as an effective annual rate?

(a) 5% pa

(b) 8.5% pa

(c) 9% pa

(d) 10% pa

(e) 12% pa

Question 284  covariance, correlation

The following table shows a sample of historical total returns of shares in two different companies A and B.

Stock Returns
Total effective annual returns
Year	##r_A##	##r_B##
2007	0.2	0.4
2008	0.04	-0.2
2009	-0.1	-0.3
2010	0.18	0.5

What is the historical sample covariance (##\hat{\sigma}_{A,B}##) and correlation (##\rho_{A,B}##) of stock A and B's total effective annual returns?

(a) 0.05696, 0.702247

(b) 0.05696, 0.238663

(c) 0.053333, 0.936329

(d) 0.040889, 0.930519

(e) 0.04, 0.930519

Question 285  covariance, portfolio risk

Two risky stocks A and B comprise an equal-weighted portfolio. The correlation between the stocks' returns is 70%.

If the variance of stock A's returns increases but the:

• Prices and expected returns of each stock stays the same,
• Variance of stock B's returns stays the same,
• Correlation of returns between the stocks stays the same.

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

(a) The variance of the portfolio returns will increase.

(b) The standard deviation of the portfolio returns will increase.

(c) The covariance of returns between stocks A and B will stay the same.

(d) The portfolio expected return will stay the same.

(e) The portfolio value will stay the same.

Question 293  covariance, correlation, portfolio risk

All things remaining equal, the higher the correlation of returns between two stocks:

(a) The more diversification is possible when those stocks are combined in a portfolio.

(b) The lower the variance of returns of an equally-weighted portfolio of those stocks.

(c) The lower the volatility of returns of an equal-weighted portfolio of those stocks.

(d) The higher the covariance between those stocks' returns.

(e) The more likely that when one stock has a positive return, the other has a negative return.

Question 562  covariance

What is the covariance of a variable X with itself?

The cov(X, X) or ##\sigma_{X,X}## equals:

(a) var(X) or ##\sigma_X^2##

(b) sd(X) or ##\sigma_X##

(c) 1

(d) 0

(e) Mathematically undefined

Question 307  risk, variance

Let the variance of returns for a share per month be ##\sigma_\text{monthly}^2##.

What is the formula for the variance of the share's returns per year ##(\sigma_\text{yearly}^2)##?

Assume that returns are independently and identically distributed (iid) so they have zero auto correlation, meaning that if the return was higher than average today, it does not indicate that the return tomorrow will be higher or lower than average.

(a) ##\sigma_\text{yearly}^2 = \sigma_\text{monthly}^2##

(b) ##\sigma_\text{yearly}^2 = \sigma_\text{monthly}^2 \times 12##

(c) ##\sigma_\text{yearly}^2 = \sigma_\text{monthly}^2 \times 12^2##

(d) ##\sigma_\text{yearly}^2 = \sigma_\text{monthly}^2 \times \sqrt{12}##

(e) ##\sigma_\text{yearly}^2 = \sigma_\text{monthly}^2 \times {12}^{1/3}##

Question 560  standard deviation, variance, needs refinement

The standard deviation and variance of a stock's annual returns are calculated over a number of years. The units of the returns are percent per annum ##(\% pa)##.

What are the units of the standard deviation ##(\sigma)## and variance ##(\sigma^2)## of returns respectively?

(a) Percentage points per annum ##(\text{pp pa})## and percentage points per annum ##(\text{pp pa})##.

(b) Percentage points per annum ##(\text{pp pa})## and percentage points per annum all squared ##\left( (\text{pp pa})^2 \right)##.

(c) Percentage points per annum all squared ##\left( (\text{pp pa})^2 \right)## and percentage points per annum ##(\text{pp pa})##.

(d) Percentage points per annum all squared ##\left( (\text{pp pa})^2 \right)## and percentage points per annum all squared ##\left( (\text{pp pa})^2 \right)##.

(e) Percent per annum ##(\% pa)## and percent per annum ##(\% pa)##.

Hint: Visit Wikipedia to understand the difference between percentage points ##(\text{pp})## and percent ##(\%)##.

Question 559  variance, standard deviation, covariance, correlation

Which of the following statements about standard statistical mathematics notation is NOT correct?

(a) The arithmetic average of variable X is represented by ##\bar{X}##.

(b) The standard deviation of variable X is represented by ##\sigma_X##.

(c) The variance of variable X is represented by ##\sigma_X^2##.

(d) The covariance between variables X and Y is represented by ##\sigma_{X,Y}^2##.

(e) The correlation between variables X and Y is represented by ##\rho_{X,Y}##.

Question 308  risk, standard deviation, variance, no explanation

A stock's standard deviation of returns is expected to be:

• 0.09 per month for the first 5 months;
• 0.14 per month for the next 7 months.

What is the expected standard deviation of the stock per year ##(\sigma_\text{annual})##?

Assume that returns are independently and identically distributed (iid) and therefore have zero auto-correlation.

(a) ##\sigma_\text{annual} = 0.09 \times 5 + 0.14 \times 7##

(b) ##\sigma_\text{annual} = (0.09 \times 5 + 0.14 \times 7)^{1/2}##

(c) ##\sigma_\text{annual} = (0.09^2 \times 5 + 0.14^2 \times 7)^{1/2}##

(d) ##\sigma_\text{annual} = (1+0.09)^5\times (1+0.14)^7 - 1##

(e) ##\sigma_\text{annual} = \left( \dfrac{0.09^2 \times 5 + 0.14^2 \times 7}{12} \right)^{1/2}##

Question 75  WACC, CAPM

A company has:

• 50 million shares outstanding.
• The market price of one share is currently $6.
• The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%.
• Market analysts believe that the company's ordinary shares have a beta of 2.
• The company has 1 million preferred stock which have a face (or par) value of $100 and pay a constant dividend of 10% of par. They currently trade for $80 each.
• The company's debentures are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 90% of their face value.
• The debentures have a total face value of $60,000,000 and the current yield to maturity of corporate debentures is 10% per annum. The corporate tax rate is 30%.

What is the company's after-tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system.

(a) 11.75%

(b) 11.82%

(c) 13.54%

(d) 13.78%

(e) 20.84%

Question 118  WACC

A company has:

• 100 million ordinary shares outstanding which are trading at a price of $5 each. Market analysts estimated that the company's ordinary stock has a beta of 1.5. The risk-free rate is 5% and the market return is 10%.
• 1 million preferred shares which have a face (or par) value of $100 and pay a constant annual dividend of 9% of par. The next dividend will be paid in one year. Assume that all preference dividends will be paid when promised. They currently trade at a price of $90 each.
• Debentures that have a total face value of $200 million and a yield to maturity of 6% per annum. They are publicly traded and their market price is equal to 110% of their face value.

The corporate tax rate is 30%. All returns and yields are given as effective annual rates.

What is the company's after-tax Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)? Assume a classical tax system.

(a) 17.22%

(b) 11.47%

(c) 10.46%

(d) 10.11%

(e) 9.97%

Question 658  CFFA, income statement, balance sheet, no explanation

To value a business's assets, the free cash flow of the firm (FCFF, also called CFFA) needs to be calculated. This requires figures from the firm's income statement and balance sheet. For what figures is the income statement needed? Note that the income statement is sometimes also called the profit and loss, P&L, or statement of financial performance.

(a) Net income, depreciation and interest expense.

(b) Depreciation and capital expenditure.

(c) Current assets and current liabilities.

(d) Current assets, current liabilities and capital expenditure.

(e) Current assets, current liabilities and depreciation expense.

Question 619  CFFA

To value a business's assets, the free cash flow of the firm (FCFF, also called CFFA) needs to be calculated. This requires figures from the firm's income statement and balance sheet. For what figures is the balance sheet needed? Note that the balance sheet is sometimes also called the statement of financial position.

(a) Net income, depreciation and interest expense.

(b) Depreciation and capital expenditure.

(c) Current assets, current liabilities and cost of goods sold (COGS).

(d) Current assets, current liabilities and capital expenditure.

(e) Current assets, current liabilities and depreciation expense.

Question 555  capital budgeting, CFFA

Find the cash flow from assets (CFFA) of the following project.

Project Data
Project life	2 years
Initial investment in equipment	$8m
Depreciation of equipment per year for tax purposes	$3m
Unit sales per year	10m
Sale price per unit	$9
Variable cost per unit	$4
Fixed costs per year, paid at the end of each year	$2m
Tax rate	30%

Note 1: Due to the project, the firm will have to purchase $40m of inventory initially (at t=0). Half of this inventory will be sold at t=1 and the other half at t=2.

Note 2: The equipment will have a book value of $2m at the end of the project for tax purposes. However, the equipment is expected to fetch $1m when it is sold. Assume that the full capital loss is tax-deductible and taxed at the full corporate tax rate.

Note 3: The project will be fully funded by equity which investors will expect to pay dividends totaling $10m at the end of each year.

Find the project's CFFA at time zero, one and two. Answers are given in millions of dollars ($m).

(a) -48,   54.5,   55.8

(b) -48,   54.5,   74.5

(c) -48,   74.5,   35.8

(d) -48,   74.5,   75.8

(e) -8,   74.5,   75.8